text:
(a) The governing board of a school district may designate a credentialed teacher at each elementary school as a science coach, or provide staff development to teachers, in order to accomplish the objectives described in subdivision (b), as determined by the governing board.

(b) The designated teacher shall do all of the following:

(1) Develop, coordinate, and provide instruction in a science curriculum that incorporates experimentation. The curriculum shall be aligned to the California standards for investigation and experimentation, and be designed to develop all of the following:

(A) Understanding of basic scientific facts and principles.

(B) Mathematics skills.

(C) Reading comprehension.

(D) Analytical and intellectual skills required to pose and answer questions.

(2) Act as a coach for other teachers at the school in the provision of a science curriculum based on experimentation.

(c) This section does not preclude the assignment of duties to a science coach that are not listed in subdivision (b) and relate to developing, coordinating, and providing instruction in a science curriculum that incorporates experimentation.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2006, Ch. 549, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2007.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 2. Course of Study, Grades 1 to 6


kind: section

code: EDC

text:
The State Department of Education shall incorporate nutrition education curriculum content into the health curriculum framework at its next revision. This curriculum shall focus on pupils’ eating behaviors, be based on theories and methods proven effective by published research. Nutrition education shall be designed to help pupils learn all of the following:

(a) Nutritional knowledge, including but not limited to, the benefits of healthy eating, essential nutrients, nutritional deficiencies, principles of healthy weight management, the use and misuse of dietary supplements, and safe food preparation, handling, and storage.

(b) Nutrition-related skills, including, but not limited to, planning a healthy meal, understanding and using food labels, and critically evaluating nutrition information, misinformation, and commercial food advertising.

(c) How to assess their own personal eating habits, set goals for improvement, and achieve those goals by using the Food Guide Pyramid, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Nutrition Fact Labels, and the Physical Activity Pyramid.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2002, Ch. 1163, Sec. 3. Effective January 1, 2003.)

division: 4. INSTRUCTION AND SERVICES

part: 28. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 2. Required Courses of Study

article: 2. Course of Study, Grades 1 to 6

path: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION > 4. INSTRUCTION AND SERVICES > 28. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS > 2. Required Courses of Study > 2. Course of Study, Grades 1 to 6


text: The instruction in all areas of study specified in subdivisions (a) to (g), inclusive, of Section 51210 as deemed appropriate by the governing board and consistent with the adopted course of study for each subject area, may include grade-level appropriate instruction on violence awareness and prevention, which may include personal testimony in the form of oral or video histories that illustrate the economic and cultural effects of violence within a city, the state, and the country.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2013, Ch. 497, Sec. 1. (SB 552) Effective January 1, 2014.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 2. Course of Study, Grades 1 to 6


text:
(a) On or before March 1, 2008, based on recommendations of the Superintendent, the State Board of Education shall adopt content standards in the curriculum area of health education.

(b) The content standards shall provide a framework for instruction that a school may offer in the curriculum area of health education. This section does not require a school to follow the content standards.

(c) The content standards described in subdivision (a) shall only be developed if sufficient funds from any source are made available for that purpose, including state, federal, or private sources.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2005, Ch. 645, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 2006.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 2. Course of Study, Grades 1 to 6


text: It is the intent and purpose of the Legislature to encourage the establishment of programs of instruction in world language, with instruction beginning as early as feasible for each school district.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 865, Sec. 15. (AB 2319) Effective January 1, 2019.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 2. Course of Study, Grades 1 to 6


text:
The adopted course of study for grades 7 to 12, inclusive, shall offer courses in the following areas of study:

(a) English, including knowledge of and appreciation for literature, language, and composition, and the skills of reading, listening, and speaking.

(b) (1) Social sciences, drawing upon the disciplines of anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology, designed to fit the maturity of the pupils. Instruction shall provide a foundation for understanding the history, resources, development, and government of California and the United States of America; instruction in our American legal system, the operation of the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems, and the rights and duties of citizens under the criminal and civil law and the State and Federal Constitutions; the development of the American economic system, including the role of the entrepreneur and labor; personal financial literacy; the relations of persons to their human and natural environment; eastern and western cultures and civilizations; human rights issues, with particular attention to the study of the inhumanity of genocide, slavery, and the Holocaust, and, to the extent instruction is provided on the Spanish colonization of California or the Gold Rush Era, the treatment and perspectives of Native Americans during those periods; and contemporary issues.

(2) For purposes of this subdivision, genocide may include the Armenian Genocide. The “Armenian Genocide” means the torture, starvation, and murder of 1,500,000 Armenians, which included death marches into the Syrian desert, by the rulers of the Ottoman Turkish Empire and the exile of more than 500,000 innocent people during the period from 1915 to 1923, inclusive.

(c) World language or languages, beginning not later than grade 7, designed to develop a facility for understanding, speaking, reading, and writing the particular language.

(d) Physical education, with emphasis given to physical activities that are conducive to health and to vigor of body and mind, as required by Section 51222.

(e) Science, including the physical and biological aspects, with emphasis on basic concepts, theories, and processes of scientific investigation, on the place of humans in ecological systems, on the causes and effects of climate change, on the methods to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and with appropriate applications of the interrelation and interdependence of the sciences. Appropriate coursework including material on the causes and effects of climate change and methods to mitigate and adapt to climate change shall be offered to pupils as soon as possible, commencing no later than the 2024–25 school year.

(f) Mathematics, including instruction designed to develop mathematical understandings, operational skills, and insight into problem solving procedures.

(g) Visual and performing arts, including dance, music, theater, and visual arts, with emphasis upon development of aesthetic appreciation and the skills of creative expression.

(h) Applied arts, including instruction in the areas of consumer education, family and consumer sciences education, industrial arts, general business education, or general agriculture.

(i) Career technical education designed and conducted for the purpose of preparing youth for gainful employment in the occupations and in the numbers that are appropriate to the personnel needs of the state and the community served and relevant to the career desires and needs of the pupils.

(j) Automobile driver education, designed to develop a knowledge of the Vehicle Code and other laws of this state relating to the operation of motor vehicles, a proper acceptance of personal responsibility in traffic, a true appreciation of the causes, seriousness, and consequences of traffic accidents, and the knowledge and attitudes necessary for the safe operation of motor vehicles. A course in automobile driver education shall include education in the safe operation of motorcycles.

(k) Other studies that the governing board may prescribe.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 810, Sec. 1.5. (AB 1871) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12

path: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION > 4. INSTRUCTION AND SERVICES > 28. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS > 2. Required Courses of Study > 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text: In addition to the requirements specified in subdivision (j) of Section 51220, automobile driver education shall be designed to develop a knowledge of the dangers involved in consuming alcohol or drugs in connection with the operation of a motor vehicle.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 1985, Ch. 1455, Sec. 2.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) For purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 51220, “instruction in our American legal system, the operation of the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems, and the rights and duties of citizens under the criminal and civil law and the State and Federal Constitutions” may include participation in a teen court or peer court program as described in subdivision (b).

(b) A teen court or peer court program shall include each of the following components:

(1) Adjudicates nonviolent misdemeanor offenses committed by pupils in which both the defendant and the defendant’s parents agree to participate in the teen court or peer court proceedings and agree to abide by the teen court’s or peer court’s ruling.

(2) Uses other pupils as jurors, district attorney, counsel for the defense, bailiff, and court clerk.

(3) Operates in cooperation with the court, probation department, district attorney, and public defender.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 1994, Ch. 607, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1995.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text: The instruction in all areas of study specified in subdivisions (a) to (j), inclusive, of Section 51220 as deemed appropriate by the governing board and consistent with the adopted course of study for each subject area, may include grade-level appropriate instruction on violence awareness and prevention, which may include personal testimony in the form of oral or video histories that illustrate the economic and cultural effects of violence within a city, the state, and the country.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2013, Ch. 497, Sec. 2. (SB 552) Effective January 1, 2014.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
For purposes of subdivision (j) of Section 51220, a course in automobile driver education shall include, but is not limited to, both of the following:

(a) Education regarding the rights and duties of a motorist as those rights and duties pertain to pedestrians and the rights and duties of pedestrians as those rights and duties pertain to traffic laws and traffic safety.

(b) Viewing the Department of Justice’s video on proper conduct during traffic stops created pursuant to Section 1656.1 of the Vehicle Code.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 332, Sec. 1. (AB 2537) Effective January 1, 2023.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) The Legislature finds and declares the following:

(1) The family is our most fundamental social institution and the means by which we care for, prepare, and train our children to be productive members of society.

(2) Social research shows increasingly that the disintegration of the family is a major cause of increased welfare enrollment, child abuse and neglect, juvenile delinquency, and criminal activity.

(3) The lack of knowledge of parenting skills and the lack of adequate preparation to assume parental responsibilities are not only major causes of family disintegration, but also contribute substantially to the disastrous consequences of teen pregnancy.

(4) Because the state government bears much of the economic and social burden associated with the disintegration of the family in California, the state has a legitimate and vital interest in adequately preparing its residents for parenthood.

(b) The Legislature recognizes that the public education system is the most efficient and effective means to educate the populace on a large-scale basis, and intends, therefore, to use the public education system to ensure that each California resident has an opportunity to acquire knowledge of parenting skills prior to becoming a parent. That knowledge should include, at a bare minimum, all of the following:

(1) Child development and growth.

(2) Effective parenting.

(3) Prevention of child abuse.

(4) Nutrition.

(5) Household finances and budgeting.

(6) Personal and family interaction and relations.

(7) Methods to promote self-esteem.

(8) Effective decisionmaking skills.

(9) Family and individual health.

(c) Commencing with the 1995–96 fiscal year, the adopted course of study for grade 7 or 8 shall include the equivalent content of a one-semester course in parenting skills and education. All pupils entering grade 7 on or after July 1, 1995, shall be offered that course or its equivalent content during grade 7 or 8, or both. On or before January 1, 1995, the State Department of Education shall supply, to each school district that includes a grade 7 or 8, a sample curriculum suitable either for implementation as a stand-alone one-semester course or for incorporation within identified existing required or optional courses, with content designed to develop a knowledge of topics including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(1) Child growth and development.

(2) Parental responsibilities.

(3) Household budgeting.

(4) Child abuse and neglect issues.

(5) Personal hygiene.

(6) Maintaining healthy relationships.

(7) Teen parenting issues.

(8) Self-esteem.

A district that implements the curriculum set forth in this subdivision in a stand-alone required course may exempt a pupil from the course if the pupil requests the exemption and satisfactorily demonstrates mastery of the course content. The district shall determine the method by which a pupil may demonstrate this mastery.

(d) Commencing with the 1993–94 fiscal year, community college districts may offer, to interested individuals, noncredit fee-supported courses in parenting skills and education as described in subdivision (c).

(e) This section is not intended to replace existing courses that accomplish the intent of this section. School districts may meet the requirements of this section with existing courses of study offered in any of grades 6 to 9, inclusive, that includes the course contents identified in subdivision (c). When the parenting skills and education curriculum is incorporated within courses other than consumer and home economics courses, these courses are not subject to the curricular standards specified in Section 2 of Chapter 775 of the Statutes of 1989 or in the consumer and home economics education model performance standards and framework. Teachers of courses other than consumer and home economics that incorporate parenting skills and education are not required to meet the qualifications specified for teachers of consumer and home economics.

(f) This section shall become operative only if a funding source is identified by the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the purposes of this section on or before January 1, 1995.

(g) The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall identify the funding source for this section from existing resources or private resources, or both, that may be available for the purposes of this section. The superintendent shall notify school districts when sufficient funds have been identified and are allocated to cover all costs relating to the operation of this section.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 1993, Ch. 637, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 1994. Section conditionally operative by its own provisions.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a private school is not required to offer courses in driver education or driver training.

(b) This section shall not be construed to require a private school to offer automobile driver education that meets the requirements of this chapter unless the private school requests the Department of Motor Vehicles to issue a certificate of satisfactory completion form.

(c) For purposes of subdivision (j) of Section 51220, Section 51220.1, and subparagraph (A) of paragraph (3) of subdivision (a) of Section 12814.6 of the Vehicle Code, the satisfactory completion by a pupil of an Internet-based, correspondence, or other distance-learning course in automobile driver education offered by a private secondary school satisfies the driver education instructional requirements of those provisions and the Department of Motor Vehicles shall issue certificates of satisfactory completion forms if all of the following conditions are met:

(1) The private secondary school has a current affidavit or statement on file in compliance with Section 33190.

(2) The private secondary school utilizes the Department of Motor Vehicles’ driver education curriculum developed under subdivision (f) of former Section 12814.8 of the Vehicle Code for providing the automobile driver education course, or the private school certifies to the Department of Motor Vehicles that the curriculum used is educationally equivalent to the Department of Motor Vehicles’ curriculum.

(3) All certificates issued to a private school by the Department of Motor Vehicles shall remain under the exclusive control of that school. A school shall only issue a certificate to a student who is enrolled in the private school, and has successfully completed a driver education course offered by that school.

(4) All course curriculums contain the school name, school address, and telephone number.

(5) Internet web pages or CD courses are reasonably secure and protected from unauthorized access, modifications, or extraction of confidential data.

(6) Test questions for Internet and CD courses are secured and randomly extracted to safeguard from copying.

history: (History: Repealed and added by Stats. 2005, Ch. 314, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 2006.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text: Instruction required by subdivision (b) of Section 51220 in the area of study of social sciences shall also provide a foundation for understanding the wise use of natural resources.

history: (History: Enacted by Stats. 1976, Ch. 1010.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) As used in this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Collaborative” means the California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education.

(2) “Genocide” means, as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, any of the following acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group:

(A) Killing members of the group.

(B) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.

(C) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about, in whole or in part, its physical destruction.

(D) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.

(E) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

(3) “Holocaust,” as described by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of 6,000,000 European Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies and collaborators; the Nazis also targeted other groups for persecution and murder, including Roma, people with disabilities, some Slavic peoples, especially Poles and Russians, Black people, communists, socialists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, gay men, and people the Nazis called “asocials” and “professional criminals.”

(b) The California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education is hereby established. The collaborative shall be responsible for establishing a statewide teacher professional development program on genocide, including the Holocaust, for school district, county office of education, and charter school teachers.

(c) The collaborative shall consist of leading genocide and Holocaust education organizations and institutions, genocide survivors, educators, and community leaders.

(d) The collaborative’s mission is to ensure that genocide, including Holocaust, education is taught consistent with the current content standards, curriculum frameworks, and instructional materials adopted by the state board, and any other requirements of this code, including, but not limited to, Sections 51204.5 and 60040, in ways that are interdisciplinary and age-appropriate to pupils of different grade levels.

(e) In addition to focusing on education regarding the Holocaust and other genocides, including, but not limited to, those of the Armenian, Bosnian, Cambodian, Guatemalan, Indigenous American, Rwandan, and Uyghur peoples, the collaborative shall focus on education to identify and confront antisemitism and hate in modern society.

(f) The duties of the collaborative shall include, but are not limited to, both of the following:

(1) Developing and providing curriculum resources on genocide and Holocaust education.

(2) Providing a statewide teacher professional development program on genocide and Holocaust education.

(g) Subject to available funding, the collaborative duties may include all of the following:

(1) Distributing grants to genocide and Holocaust education organizations and institutions to provide teacher training programs, and developing innovative academic standards-based curricula and digital tools, consistent with the purposes of this section.

(2) Creating a robust digital library of lesson plans and resources on genocide, including Holocaust, education that align with the academic standards, distributing these lesson plans to school districts, county offices of education, and charter schools statewide, and supporting teachers with the successful implementation of the lesson plans through workshops, conferences, and digital tools.

(3) Organizing statewide and regional workshops, and providing participating teachers with transportation and accommodation.

(4) Launching and maintaining an internet website that serves as a central hub for sharing the latest educational resources, including curricula and other materials, and best practices on genocide education to provide access to all California teachers of pupils in any of grades 6 to 12, inclusive, and increasing the use of high-quality resources, in school districts, county offices of education, and charter schools.

(5) Evaluating the implementation and administration of this section annually to assess whether teaching about genocide, including the Holocaust, has improved, and whether the mission of the collaborative, as described in subdivision (d), has been met.

(6) Providing, as determined by the department, annual verbal or written reports to the department and the Legislature, pursuant to Section 9795 of the Government Code, on the collaborative’s achievement of its mission, as described in subdivision (d).

(h) The implementation of this section is contingent upon an appropriation for its purposes in the annual Budget Act or another statute.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2024, Ch. 890, Sec. 2. (SB 1277) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) (1) The department shall issue a notice to all local educational agencies serving pupils in any of grades 7 to 12, inclusive, clarifying that social science instruction provided pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 51220 is designed to provide a foundation for the understanding of human rights issues with particular attention to the study of the inhumanity of genocide, slavery, and the Holocaust. In furtherance of this instruction, the notice shall advise these local educational agencies of all of the following:

(A) Holocaust and genocide education are part of the adopted History-Social Science Content Standards and Framework adopted by the state board.

(B) The History-Social Science Framework adopted by the state board provides information about instruction on the Holocaust and genocide.

(2) The department shall include, within the notice described in paragraph (1), information about the existing resources available to support local educational agencies and teachers in the instruction of Holocaust and genocide education.

(3) The department is authorized to issue a survey to local educational agencies, no more than two years after these local educational agencies are issued the notice described in paragraph (1), on the status of Holocaust and genocide instruction at their schools.

(b) (1) The Holocaust and Genocide Education Grant Program is hereby established and shall be administered by the California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education to provide direct allocations to local educational agencies for the purposes of providing Holocaust and genocide education and professional development on Holocaust and genocide education.

(2) Grants provided under the grant program shall be used to provide resources and opportunities related to Holocaust and genocide education, which may include, but are not limited to, any of the following:

(A) Providing instructional resources on topics about the Holocaust and genocide.

(B) Hosting an event or an organization at a schoolsite maintained by the local educational agency for purposes related to Holocaust or genocide education.

(C) Financing teacher attendance at professional development opportunities focused on Holocaust and genocide education.

(D) Hiring substitute teachers to support teacher attendance at professional development opportunities focused on Holocaust and genocide education.

(E) Financing staff time to plan and facilitate local educational agency or school-based programs related to Holocaust and genocide education.

(F) Financing transportation to events and educational opportunities related to Holocaust and genocide education.

(3) The California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education shall adopt policies and guidelines for the grant program, which shall include, but not be limited to, programmatic details, application criteria and deadlines, and reporting requirements on how allocations were spent. The California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education shall consult with the department in developing the policies and guidelines.

(c) The Holocaust and Genocide Education Grant Program Fund is hereby established in the State Treasury. Upon appropriation by the Legislature, moneys in the fund shall be directed to the Marin County Office of Education for distribution to the California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education. The California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education shall use these moneys for administering and implementing the grant program established pursuant to subdivision (b).

(d) The California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education shall provide, as determined by the department, annual written reports to the department and the Legislature, pursuant to Section 9795 of the Government Code, on the administration of the grant program established pursuant to subdivision (b).

(e) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “California Teachers Collaborative for Holocaust and Genocide Education” means the collaborative established in Section 51221.1.

(2) “Genocide” has the same meaning as defined in Section 51221.1.

(3) “Holocaust” has the same meaning as defined in Section 51221.1.

(4) “Local educational agency” means a school district, county office of education, or charter school.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2026, Ch. 65, Sec. 101. (AB 126) Effective July 9, 2026.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) Instruction in the area of social sciences, as required pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 51220, may include instruction on World War II and the American role in that war. The Legislature encourages this instruction to include, but not be limited to, a component drawn from personal testimony, especially in the form of oral or video histories, if available, of American soldiers who were involved in World War II and those men and women who contributed to the war effort on the homefront. The oral histories used as part of the instruction regarding World War II shall exemplify the personal sacrifice and courage of the wide range of ordinary citizens who were called upon to participate. The oral histories shall contain the views and comments of their subjects regarding the reasons for American participation in World War II and the actions taken to end the war in the Pacific. These oral histories shall also solicit comments from their subjects regarding the aftermath of World War II in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.

(b) The Legislature finds and declares that the current state-adopted academic content standards already include instruction on the Korean War and the Vietnam War in the appropriate grade level consistent with those standards. The Legislature encourages that this instruction include a component drawn from personal testimony, especially in the form of oral or video histories, if available, of American soldiers who were involved in those wars.

(c) (1) The Legislature encourages the instruction required pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 51220 to include instruction on World War II and the role of Filipinos in that war, consisting of an accurate history of the contributions of the Filipino American veterans who fought courageously in the United States Army for freedom and democracy in World War II under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur.

(2) The Legislature encourages the instruction described in paragraph (1) to include a component drawn from personal testimony, especially in the form of oral or video histories of Filipinos who were involved in World War II and those men and women who contributed to the war effort on the homefront. The oral histories used as a part of the instruction regarding the role of Filipinos in World War II are encouraged to do all of the following:

(A) Exemplify the personal sacrifice and courage of the wide range of ordinary citizens who were called upon to participate and to provide intelligence for the United States.

(B) Contain the views and comments of their subjects regarding the reasons for their participation in World War II.

(C) Solicit comments from their subjects regarding the aftermath of World War II and the immigration of Filipinos to the United States.

(d) (1) Instruction in the area of social sciences, as required pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 51220, may include instruction on the Bracero program.

(2) The instruction described in paragraph (1) may include a component drawn from personal testimony, especially in the form of oral or video histories of individuals who were involved with the Bracero program. Oral histories used as part of the instruction regarding the Bracero program may do all of the following:

(A) Exemplify the economic and cultural effects of the Bracero program during and after World War II, including, but not limited to, its effects on the railroad system, agriculture, and immigration in California and the United States of America.

(B) Contain the views and comments of their subjects regarding the reasons for their participation in the Bracero program and their immigrant story, generally.

(3) This subdivision shall be carried out in a manner that does not result in new duties or programs being imposed on a school district. In that regard, the Legislature finds and declares that this subdivision does not mandate costs to local agencies or school districts and that materials used to comply with this subdivision shall be part of normal curriculum materials purchased by school districts in their normal course of business and purchasing cycles.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2012, Ch. 211, Sec. 1. (SB 993) Effective January 1, 2013.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) The Legislature encourages instruction in the area of social sciences, as required pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 51220, which may include instruction on the Vietnam war including the “Secret War” in Laos and the role of Southeast Asians in that war. The Legislature encourages that this instruction include, but not be limited to, a component drawn from personal testimony, especially in the form of oral or video history of Southeast Asians who were involved in the Vietnam war and those men and women who contributed to the war effort on the homefront. The oral histories used as a part of the instruction regarding the role of Southeast Asians in the Vietnam war and the “Secret War” in Laos shall exemplify the personal sacrifice and courage of the wide range of ordinary citizens who were called upon to participate and provide intelligence for the United States. The oral histories shall contain the views and comments of their subjects regarding the reasons for their participation in the war. These oral histories shall also solicit comments from their subjects regarding the aftermath of the war and the immigration of Southeast Asians to the United States.

(b) This section shall be carried out in a manner that does not result in any new duties or programs being imposed on the school district. In that regard, the Legislature finds and declares that this section does not mandate costs to local agencies or school districts and that materials used to comply with this section shall be part of normal curriculum materials purchased by school districts in their normal course of business and purchasing cycles.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2007, Ch. 130, Sec. 73. Effective January 1, 2008.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text: For the purposes of this code, the phrase “vocational-technical education” shall have the same meaning as “career technical education” as described in subdivision (i) of Section 51220.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2002, Ch. 988, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2003.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) All pupils, except pupils excused or exempted pursuant to Section 51241, shall be required to attend upon the courses of physical education for a total period of time of not less than 400 minutes each 10 schooldays, except as provided in subdivision (c). Any pupil may be excused from physical education classes during one of grades 10, 11, or 12 for not to exceed 24 clock hours in order to participate in automobile driver training. A pupil who is excused from physical education classes to enroll in driver training shall attend upon a minimum of 7,000 minutes of physical education instruction during such school year.

(b) The governing board of each school district that maintains a high school and that elects to exempt pupils from required attendance in physical education courses pursuant to paragraph (1) or (2) or both of subdivision (b) of Section 51241 shall offer those pupils so exempted a variety of elective physical education courses of not less than 400 minutes each 10 schooldays.

(c) The governing board of a school district that maintains any of grades 6 to 12, inclusive, may adopt a policy providing for an alternate term schedule for physical education courses, which shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of a course in physical education for purposes of subparagraph (F) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 51225.3, if all of the following conditions are met:

(1) (A) For a pupil in grade 6, the pupil receives no less than 400 minutes of instruction every 10 schooldays for a semester of not fewer than 18 weeks during the regular school year, for a total of 3,600 instructional minutes for the school year.

(B) For a pupil in grades 7 to 12, inclusive, the pupil receives no less than 800 minutes of instruction every 10 schooldays for a semester of not fewer than 18 weeks during the regular school year, for a total of 7,200 instructional minutes for the school year.

(2) The physical education program is aligned with the physical education framework adopted by the state board in that it provides a sequential, articulated, age-appropriate program.

(3) The physical education program complies with the course of study requirements of high school physical education programs specified in Article 3.1 (commencing with Section 10060) of Subchapter 1 of Chapter 10 of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations, as applicable.

(4) Pupils are prepared for, and participate in, the physical performance testing required pursuant to Section 60800.

(d) (1) A complaint that a school district or county superintendent of schools has not complied with the instructional minute requirements of subdivision (a) or (c) may be filed with a school district or county superintendent of schools pursuant to the Uniform Complaint Procedures set forth in Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations.

(2) A complainant not satisfied with the decision of a school district or county superintendent of schools may appeal the decision to the department pursuant to Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations and shall receive a written appeal decision within 60 days of the department’s receipt of the appeal.

(3) If a school district or county superintendent of schools finds merit in a complaint, or the Superintendent finds merit in an appeal, the school district or county superintendent of schools shall provide a remedy to all affected pupils, parents, and guardians.

(e) The Legislature finds and declares that neither the original provisions of this section, nor any subsequent amendments to it, were intended to create a private right of action. However, nothing in this subdivision shall restrict or expand the existing right of any party to seek relief from noncompliance with this section pursuant to a writ of mandate.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 88, Sec. 5. (AB 1216) Effective January 1, 2026.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) Notwithstanding Sections 51210 and 51222, instruction in physical education in an elementary school maintaining any of grades 1 to 8, inclusive, shall be for a total period of time of not less than 200 minutes each 10 schooldays, exclusive of recesses and the lunch period.

(b) (1) A complaint that a school district or county superintendent of schools has not complied with the instructional minute requirements of subdivision (a) may be filed with a school district or county superintendent of schools pursuant to the Uniform Complaint Procedures set forth in Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations.

(2) A complainant not satisfied with the decision of a school district or county superintendent of schools may appeal the decision to the department pursuant to Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations and shall receive a written appeal decision within 60 days of the department’s receipt of the appeal.

(3) If a school district or county superintendent of schools finds merit in a complaint, or the Superintendent finds merit in an appeal, the school district or county superintendent of schools shall provide a remedy to all affected pupils, parents, and guardians.

(c) The Legislature finds and declares that neither the original provisions of this section, nor any subsequent amendments to it, were intended to create a private right of action. However, nothing in this subdivision shall restrict or expand the existing right of any party to seek relief from noncompliance with this section pursuant to a writ of mandate.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2015, Ch. 706, Sec. 2. (AB 1391) Effective October 9, 2015.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) During the first revision of the physical education framework that occurs on or after January 1, 2011, the state board and the Curriculum Development and Supplemental Materials Commission shall include self-defense instruction and safety instruction in that framework for pupils in grades 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12.

(b) As used in this section:

(1) “Safety instruction” includes, but is not necessarily limited to, awareness and avoidance of potentially dangerous situations.

(2) “Self-defense instruction” includes, but is not necessarily limited to, martial arts, boxing, and other defensive techniques.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 296, Sec. 69. (AB 1023) Effective January 1, 2012.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text: The governing board of any school district maintaining a high school shall prescribe courses of study designed to provide the skills and knowledge required for adult life for pupils attending the schools within its school district. The governing board shall prescribe separate courses of study, including, but not limited to, a course of study designed to prepare prospective pupils for admission to state colleges and universities and a course of study for career technical training.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 1058, Sec. 39. Effective January 1, 2001.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) The adopted course of study for grades 7 to 12, inclusive, shall include algebra as part of the mathematics area of study pursuant to subdivision (f) of Section 51220.

(b) Before receiving a diploma of graduation from high school, a pupil shall complete at least one course, or a combination of the two courses required for graduation pursuant to subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 51225.3, that meets or exceeds the rigor of Algebra I or Mathematics I, that is aligned to the content standards adopted by the state board pursuant to Sections 60605.8 and 60605.11.

(c) A pupil who, before enrollment in grade 9, completes a course in Algebra I or Mathematics I, or mathematics courses of equal rigor, that is aligned to the content standards adopted by the state board, is exempt from subdivision (b), but is not exempt from the requirement that the pupil complete two courses in mathematics while enrolled in grades 9 to 12, inclusive, as specified in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 51225.3.

(d) A pupil who has completed a course or courses that meet or exceed the content standards for Algebra I adopted by the state board pursuant to Section 60605, as that section read on June 30, 2011, shall be deemed to have satisfied the graduation requirement specified in subdivision (b).

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2015, Ch. 165, Sec. 1. (AB 220) Effective January 1, 2016.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) This act shall be known, and may be cited, as the California Mathematics Placement Act of 2015.

(b) Governing boards or bodies of local educational agencies that serve pupils entering grade 9 and that have not adopted a fair, objective, and transparent mathematics placement policy, as described in paragraphs (1) to (5), inclusive, as of January 1, 2016, shall, before the beginning of the 2016–17 school year, develop and adopt, in a regularly scheduled public meeting, a fair, objective, and transparent mathematics placement policy for pupils entering grade 9 that does all of the following:

(1) Systematically takes multiple objective academic measures of pupil performance into consideration. For purposes of this paragraph, “objective academic measures” means measures, such as statewide mathematics assessments, including interim and summative assessments authorized pursuant to Section 60640, placement tests that are aligned to state-adopted content standards in mathematics, classroom assignment and grades, and report cards.

(2) Includes at least one placement checkpoint within the first month of the school year to ensure accurate placement and permit reevaluation of individual pupil progress.

(3) Requires examination of aggregate pupil placement data annually to ensure that pupils who are qualified to progress in mathematics courses based on their performance on objective academic measures selected for inclusion in the policy pursuant to paragraph (1) are not held back in a disproportionate manner on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic background. The local educational agency shall report the aggregate results of this examination to the governing board or body of the local educational agency.

(4) Offers clear and timely recourse for each pupil and his or her parent or legal guardian who questions the pupil’s placement.

(5) For nonunified school districts, addresses the consistency of mathematics placement policies between elementary and high school districts.

(c) Governing boards or bodies of local educational agencies serving pupils who are transitioning between elementary and middle school or elementary and junior high school may develop and implement a mathematics placement policy for these pupils, as applicable, that satisfies paragraphs (1) to (5), inclusive, of subdivision (b).

(d) Each governing board or body of a local educational agency shall ensure that its mathematics placement policy is posted on its Internet Web site.

(e) For purposes of this section, “local educational agency” means county office of education, school district, state special school, or charter school.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2015, Ch. 508, Sec. 2. (SB 359) Effective January 1, 2016.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Governing body” means the governing board of a school district, the governing body of a charter school, or a county board of education, as applicable.

(2) “Local educational agency” means a school district, charter school, or county office of education.

(b) Notwithstanding any other law, a local educational agency shall do both of the following:

(1) Exempt a pupil who was enrolled in the pupil’s third or fourth year of high school during the 2020–21 school year and who is not on track to graduate in four years from all coursework and other requirements adopted by the governing body that are in addition to the statewide coursework requirements specified in Section 51225.3.

(2) Provide a pupil who was enrolled in the pupil’s third or fourth year of high school during the 2020–21 school year, and who is not on track to graduate in the 2020–21 or 2021–22 school years, the opportunity to complete the statewide coursework required for graduation pursuant to Section 51225.3, which opportunity may include, but is not limited to, completion of the coursework through a fifth year of instruction, credit recovery, or other opportunity to complete the required coursework.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 41, Sec. 3. (AB 104) Effective July 1, 2021.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) Notwithstanding any other law, a local educational agency, as defined in subdivision (t), shall exempt a pupil in foster care, as defined in subdivision (t), a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, as defined in Section 11434a(2) of Title 42 of the United States Code, a former juvenile court school pupil, as defined in Section 51225.2, a pupil who is a child of a military family, as defined in Section 49701, or a pupil who is a migratory child, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 54441, who transfers between schools any time after the completion of the pupil’s second year of high school, or a newcomer pupil, as defined in Section 51225.2, and who is in their third or fourth year of high school, from all coursework and other requirements adopted by the governing body that are in addition to the statewide coursework requirements specified in Section 51225.3, unless the local educational agency makes a finding that the pupil is reasonably able to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements in time to graduate from high school by the end of the pupil’s fourth year of high school.

(b) If the local educational agency determines that the pupil in foster care, the pupil who is a homeless child or youth, the former juvenile court school pupil, the pupil who is a child of a military family, the pupil who is a migratory child, or the newcomer pupil is reasonably able to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements within the pupil’s fifth year of high school, the local educational agency shall do all of the following:

(1) Consult with the pupil and the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil regarding the pupil’s option to remain in school for a fifth year to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements.

(2) Consult with the pupil, and the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, about how remaining in school for a fifth year to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements will affect the pupil’s ability to gain admission to a postsecondary educational institution.

(3) Consult with and provide information to the pupil about transfer opportunities available through the California Community Colleges.

(4) Permit the pupil to stay in school for a fifth year to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements upon agreement with the pupil, if the pupil is 18 years of age or older, or, if the pupil is under 18 years of age, upon agreement with the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil.

(5) For a pupil in foster care or a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, consult with the pupil, and the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, regarding the pupil’s option to remain in the pupil’s school of origin, pursuant to Section 48852.7 for a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, or Section 48853.5 for a pupil in foster care.

(c) To determine whether a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, or a pupil who is a migratory child is in the third or fourth year of high school, the number of credits the pupil has earned to the date of transfer, the length of the pupil’s school enrollment, or, for pupils with significant gaps in school attendance, the pupil’s age as compared to the average age of pupils in the third or fourth year of high school, may be used, whichever will qualify the pupil for the exemption. In the case of a newcomer pupil, enrollment in grade 11 or 12, based on the average age of pupils in the third or fourth year of high school, may be used to determine whether the pupil is in the pupil’s third or fourth year of high school.

(d) (1) (A) Within 30 calendar days of the date that a pupil in foster care who may qualify for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section transfers into a school, the local educational agency shall notify the pupil, the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, and the pupil’s social worker or probation officer of the availability of the exemption and whether the pupil qualifies for an exemption.

(B) If the local educational agency fails to provide timely notice pursuant to subparagraph (A), the pupil described in subparagraph (A) shall be eligible for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section once notified, even if that notification occurs after the termination of the court’s jurisdiction over the pupil, if the pupil otherwise qualifies for the exemption pursuant to this section.

(2) (A) Within 30 calendar days of the date that a pupil who is a homeless child or youth who may qualify for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section transfers into a school, the local educational agency shall notify the pupil, the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, and the local educational agency liaison for homeless children and youth designated pursuant to Section 11432(g)(1)(J)(ii) of Title 42 of the United States Code, of the availability of the exemption and whether the pupil qualifies for an exemption.

(B) If the local educational agency fails to provide timely notice pursuant to subparagraph (A), the pupil described in subparagraph (A) shall be eligible for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section once notified, even if that notification occurs after the pupil is no longer a homeless child or youth, if the pupil otherwise qualifies for the exemption pursuant to this section.

(3) (A) Within 30 calendar days of the date that a former juvenile court school pupil who may qualify for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section transfers into a school, the local educational agency shall notify the pupil, the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, and the pupil’s social worker or probation officer of the availability of the exemption and whether the pupil qualifies for an exemption.

(B) If the local educational agency fails to provide timely notice pursuant to subparagraph (A), the pupil described in subparagraph (A) shall be eligible for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section once notified, even if that notification occurs after termination of the court’s jurisdiction over the pupil, if the pupil otherwise qualifies for the exemption pursuant to this section.

(4) (A) Within 30 calendar days of the date that a pupil who is a child of a military family who may qualify for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section transfers into a school, the local educational agency shall notify the pupil and the pupil’s parent or guardian of the availability of the exemption and whether the pupil qualifies for an exemption.

(B) If the local educational agency fails to provide timely notice pursuant to subparagraph (A), the pupil described in subparagraph (A) shall be eligible for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section once notified, even if that notification occurs after the pupil no longer meets the definition of “children of military families” under Section 49701, if the pupil otherwise qualifies for the exemption pursuant to this section.

(5) (A) Within 30 calendar days of the date that a pupil who is a migratory child who may qualify for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section transfers into a school, the local educational agency shall notify the pupil and the pupil’s parent or guardian of the availability of the exemption and whether the pupil qualifies for an exemption.

(B) If the local educational agency fails to provide timely notice pursuant to subparagraph (A), the pupil described in subparagraph (A) shall be eligible for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section once notified, even if that notification occurs after the pupil no longer meets the definition of “migratory child” if the pupil otherwise qualifies for the exemption pursuant to this section.

(6) (A) Within 30 calendar days of the date that a newcomer pupil who may qualify for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section transfers into a school, the local educational agency shall notify the pupil and the pupil’s parent or guardian of the availability of the exemption and whether the pupil qualifies for an exemption.

(B) If the local educational agency fails to provide timely notice pursuant to subparagraph (A), the pupil described in subparagraph (A) shall be eligible for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section once notified, even if that notification occurs after the pupil no longer meets the definition of a “newcomer pupil” if the pupil otherwise qualifies for the exemption pursuant to this section.

(e) If a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section and completes the statewide coursework requirements specified in Section 51225.3 before the end of the pupil’s fourth year of high school and that pupil would otherwise be entitled to remain in attendance at the school, a school, including a charter school, or school district shall not require or request that the pupil graduate before the end of the pupil’s fourth year of high school.

(f) If a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, in addition to providing notification of the exemption pursuant to subdivision (d), the local educational agency shall consult with the pupil and the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil. The consultation shall include all of the following:

(1) Discussion regarding how any of the requirements that are waived may affect the pupil’s postsecondary education or vocation plans, including the ability to gain admission to a postsecondary educational institution.

(2) Discussion and information about other options available to the pupil, including, but not limited to, a fifth year of high school, possible credit recovery, and any transfer opportunities available through the California Community Colleges.

(3) Consideration of the pupil’s academic data and any other information relevant to making an informed decision on whether to accept the exemption.

(g) A pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil who is eligible for the exemption from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section and would otherwise be entitled to remain in attendance at the school shall not be required to accept the exemption or be denied enrollment in, or the ability to complete, courses for which the pupil is otherwise eligible, including courses necessary to attend an institution of higher education, regardless of whether those courses are required for statewide graduation requirements.

(h) (1) If a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil is not exempted from local graduation requirements or has previously declined the exemption pursuant to this section, a local educational agency shall exempt the pupil within 30 days of the date of the exemption request, if an exemption is requested by the pupil or the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil and the pupil qualifies for the exemption.

(2) If a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil who was eligible for an exemption pursuant to this section, was not properly notified of the availability of the exemption pursuant to subdivision (d), or declined the exemption, a local educational agency nonetheless shall exempt the pupil within 30 days of the date of the exemption request, if an exemption is requested by the pupil or the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, and the pupil at one time qualified for the exemption, even if the pupil is no longer homeless, a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, a newcomer pupil, or the court’s jurisdiction over the pupil has terminated.

(i) If a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, a local educational agency shall not revoke the exemption.

(j) (1) If a pupil in foster care is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, the exemption shall continue to apply after the termination of the court’s jurisdiction over the pupil while the pupil is enrolled in school or if the pupil transfers to another school, including a charter school, or school district.

(2) If a pupil who is a homeless child or youth is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, the exemption shall continue to apply after the pupil is no longer a homeless child or youth while the pupil is enrolled in school or if the pupil transfers to another school, including a charter school, or school district.

(3) If a former juvenile court school pupil is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, the exemption shall continue to apply after the termination of the court’s jurisdiction over the pupil while the pupil is enrolled in school or if the pupil transfers to another school, including a charter school, or school district.

(4) If a pupil who is a child of a military family is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, the exemption shall continue to apply after the pupil no longer meets the definition of “children of military families” under Section 49701 while the pupil is enrolled in school or if the pupil transfers to another school, including a charter school, or school district.

(5) If a pupil who is a migratory child is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, the exemption shall continue to apply after the pupil no longer meets the definition of “migratory child” while the pupil is enrolled in school or if the pupil transfers to another school, including a charter school, or school district.

(6) If a newcomer pupil is exempted from local graduation requirements pursuant to this section, the exemption shall continue to apply after the pupil no longer meets the definition of a “newcomer pupil” while the pupil is enrolled in school or if the pupil transfers to another school, including a charter school, or school district.

(k) A local educational agency shall not require or request a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, or a pupil who is a migratory child to transfer schools in order to qualify the pupil for an exemption pursuant to this section.

(l) (1) A pupil in foster care, the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, the pupil’s social worker, or the pupil’s probation officer shall not request a transfer solely to qualify the pupil for an exemption pursuant to this section.

(2) A pupil who is a homeless child or youth, the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, or the local educational agency liaison for homeless children and youth designated pursuant to Section 11432(g)(1)(J)(ii) of Title 42 of the United States Code, shall not request a transfer solely to qualify the pupil for an exemption pursuant to this section.

(3) A former juvenile court school pupil, the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, the pupil’s social worker, or the pupil’s probation officer shall not request a transfer solely to qualify the pupil for an exemption pursuant to this section.

(4) A pupil who is a child of a military family, or the pupil’s parent or guardian, shall not request a transfer solely to qualify the pupil for an exemption pursuant to this section.

(5) A pupil who is a migratory child, or the pupil’s parent or guardian, shall not request a transfer solely to qualify the pupil for an exemption pursuant to this section.

(m) (1) A complaint of noncompliance with the requirements of this section may be filed with the local educational agency under the Uniform Complaint Procedures set forth in Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations.

(2) A complainant not satisfied with the decision of a local educational agency may appeal the decision to the department pursuant to Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations and shall receive a written decision regarding the appeal within 60 days of the department’s receipt of the appeal.

(3) If a local educational agency finds merit in a complaint, or the Superintendent finds merit in an appeal, the local educational agency shall provide a remedy to the affected pupil.

(4) Information regarding the requirements of this section shall be included in the annual notification distributed to, among others, pupils, parents or guardians of pupils, employees, and other interested parties pursuant to Section 4622 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations.

(n) (1) If a local educational agency determines that a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, or a pupil who is a migratory child and who transfers between schools any time after the completion of the pupil’s second year of high school, or a newcomer pupil who is in their third or fourth year of high school, is not reasonably able to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements within the pupil’s fifth year of high school, but is reasonably able to complete the statewide coursework requirements specified in Section 51225.3 within the pupil’s fifth year of high school, the local educational agency shall exempt a pupil from the local educational agency’s graduation requirements and provide the pupil the option to remain in school for a fifth year to complete the statewide coursework requirements. The local educational agency shall consult with the pupil and the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil regarding all of the following:

(A) The pupil’s option to remain in school for a fifth year to complete the statewide coursework requirements.

(B) How waiving the local educational requirements and remaining in school for a fifth year may affect the pupil’s postsecondary education or vocation plans, including the ability to gain admission to an institution of higher education.

(C) Whether any other options are available to the pupil, including, but not limited to, possible credit recovery, and any transfer opportunities available through the California Community Colleges.

(D) The pupil’s academic data and any other information relevant to making an informed decision on whether to accept the exemption and option to remain in school for a fifth year to complete the statewide coursework requirements.

(2) This subdivision shall become inoperative on January 1, 2028.

(o) (1) If a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, or a pupil who is a migratory child is not eligible for an exemption pursuant to this section in the year in which the pupil transfers between schools, or for a newcomer pupil, is not eligible for an exemption pursuant to this section in the pupil’s third year of high school, because the local educational agency makes a finding that the pupil is reasonably able to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements in time to graduate from high school by the end of the pupil’s fourth year of high school, a local educational agency nonetheless shall reevaluate eligibility and provide written notice to the pupil, the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, and the pupil’s social worker or probation officer, if applicable, whether the pupil qualifies for an exemption within the first 30 calendar days of the following academic year, based on the course completion status of the pupil at the time of reevaluation to determine if the pupil continues to be reasonably able to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements in time to graduate from high school by the end of the pupil’s fourth year of high school.

(2) If it is determined within the first 30 calendar days of the following academic year, that given their course completion status at that time of the reevaluation conducted pursuant to paragraph (1) that the pupil is not reasonably able to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements in time to graduate from high school by the end of the pupil’s fourth year of high school, the local educational agency shall provide the pupil with the option to receive an exemption from all coursework and other requirements adopted by the governing body of the local educational agency that are in addition to the statewide coursework requirements specified in Section 51225.3 or to stay in school for a fifth year to complete the local educational agency’s graduation requirements upon agreement with the pupil, if the pupil is 18 years of age or older, or, if the pupil is under 18 years of age, upon agreement with the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil and provide notification of the availability of these options pursuant to subdivisions (b) and (d).

(p) (1) This section shall apply to a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil, who is enrolled in an adult education program, regardless of the pupil’s age.

(2) This section shall apply to a pupil who is enrolled in an adult education program who, while enrolled in high school, was a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil.

(q) For a pupil who is an unaccompanied youth as defined in Section 11434a(6) of Title 42 of the United States Code, the “person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil” is the unaccompanied youth.

(r) If a local educational agency or adult school offers to exempt a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil from all coursework and other requirements adopted by the governing body of the local educational agency that are in addition to the statewide coursework requirements specified in Section 51225.3, it is in the sole discretion of the person holding the right to make educational decisions for the pupil, or the pupil themselves if they are 18 years of age or older, an unaccompanied youth as defined in Section 11434a(6) of Title 42 of the United States Code, or an unaccompanied minor who holds their own education rights, whether to accept the exemption, based on the pupil’s best educational interests.

(s) Each local educational agency shall report to the department annually on the number of pupils who, for the prior school year, graduated with an exemption from the local educational agency’s graduation requirements that are in addition to the statewide coursework requirements. This data shall be reported for pupils graduating in the fourth year and fifth year cohorts, and shall be disaggregated by cohort, pupil category, race, and disability status. The department shall make this data publicly available on an annual basis aligned with other reporting timelines for the California dashboard graduation data. For purposes of this subdivision, “pupil category” means the categories of pupils identified in subdivision (a).

(t) For purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) “Governing body” means the governing board of a school district or the governing body of a charter school, as applicable.

(2) “Local educational agency” means a school district or charter school.

(3) “Pupil in foster care” has the same meaning as foster child, defined in subdivision (a) of Section 48853.5.

(4) “School” means a public school, including a charter school, that maintains any of grades 9 to 12, inclusive.

(5) “Unaccompanied youth” means an unaccompanied youth between 12 to 24 years of age, inclusive, who is experiencing homelessness, as defined in subsection (2) of Section 725 of the federal McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. Sec. 11434a(2)).

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2023, Ch. 342, Sec. 2. (AB 714) Effective January 1, 2024.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Former juvenile court school pupil” means a pupil who, upon completion of the pupil’s second year of high school, transfers to a school district or charter school, excluding a school district operated by the Division of Juvenile Justice of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, from a juvenile court school.

(2) “Local educational agency” means a school district, county office of education, or charter school.

(3) “Newcomer pupil” has the same meaning as “immigrant children and youth,” as defined in Section 7011(5) of Title 20 of the United States Code.

(4) “Partial coursework satisfactorily completed” includes any portion of an individual course, even if the pupil did not complete the entire course.

(5) “Pupil in foster care” has the same meaning as “foster child,” as that term is defined in subdivision (a) of Section 48853.5.

(6) “Pupil who is a child of a military family” means a pupil who meets the definition of “children of military families” under Section 49701.

(7) “Pupil who is a homeless child or youth” means a pupil who meets the definition of “homeless children and youths” in Section 11434a(2) of Title 42 of the United States Code.

(8) “Pupil who is a migratory child” means a pupil who meets the definition of “currently migratory child” under subdivision (a) of Section 54441.

(b) (1) Notwithstanding any other law, a local educational agency shall issue, and the new local educational agency shall accept, full or partial credit for all full or partial coursework satisfactorily completed by a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil, while attending a public school, a juvenile court school, a charter school, a school in a country other than the United States, or a nonpublic, nonsectarian school.

(2) The transferring local educational agency shall issue the full and partial credits on an official transcript for the pupil and shall ensure the transcript includes all of the following:

(A) All full and partial credits and grades earned based on any measure of full or partial coursework being satisfactorily completed, including a determination of the days of enrollment or seat time, or both, if applicable, at a school of that local educational agency or a prior local educational agency, or any other public school, juvenile court school, charter school, school in a country other than the United States, or nonpublic, nonsectarian school.

(B) The credits and grades for each school and local educational agency listed separately so it is clear where they were earned.

(C) A complete record of the pupil’s seat time, including both period attendance and days of enrollment.

(3) The new local educational agency shall transfer the credits and grades onto an official transcript of the new local educational agency for the pupil in the same manner as described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) and pursuant to the requirements of subdivision (c).

(4) If the new school or new local educational agency has knowledge that the transcript from the transferring local educational agency may not include certain credits or grades for the pupil, it shall contact the prior local educational agency within two business days to request that the prior local educational agency issue full or partial credits pursuant to this paragraph. The prior local educational agency shall issue appropriate credits and provide all academic and other records to the new local educational agency within two business days of the request.

(5) For purposes of coursework completed by a pupil who is a child of a military family, “public school” includes schools operated by the United States Department of Defense.

(c) (1) The credits accepted pursuant to subdivision (b) shall be applied for enrollment purposes as specified in subdivision (d) to the same or equivalent course, if applicable, as the coursework completed in the prior public school, juvenile court school, charter school, school in a country other than the United States, or nonpublic, nonsectarian school.

(2) For purposes of the official transcript, the credits accepted pursuant to subdivision (b) shall be added to the credits earned from the same or equivalent course for purposes of calculating the total credits earned for the course but shall separately identify the school and local educational agency in which the credits were earned.

(d) A local educational agency shall not require a pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil to retake a course if the pupil has satisfactorily completed the entire course in a public school, a juvenile court school, a charter school, a school in a country other than the United States, or a nonpublic, nonsectarian school. If the pupil did not complete the entire course, the local educational agency shall not require the pupil to retake the portion of the course the pupil completed unless the local educational agency, in consultation with the holder of educational rights for the pupil, finds that the pupil is reasonably able to complete the requirements in time to graduate from high school. When partial credit is awarded in a particular course, the pupil in foster care, the pupil who is a homeless child or youth, the former juvenile court school pupil, the pupil who is a child of a military family, the pupil who is a migratory child, or the newcomer pupil shall be enrolled in the same or equivalent course, if applicable, so that the pupil may continue and complete the entire course.

(e) A pupil in foster care, a pupil who is a homeless child or youth, a former juvenile court school pupil, a pupil who is a child of a military family, a pupil who is a migratory child, or a newcomer pupil shall not be prevented from retaking or taking a course to meet the eligibility requirements for admission to the California State University or the University of California.

(f) (1) A complaint of noncompliance with the requirements of this section may be filed with the local educational agency under the Uniform Complaint Procedures set forth in Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations.

(2) A complainant not satisfied with the decision of a local educational agency may appeal the decision to the department pursuant to Chapter 5.1 (commencing with Section 4600) of Division 1 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations and shall receive a written decision regarding the appeal within 60 days of the department’s receipt of the appeal.

(3) If a local educational agency finds merit in a complaint, or if the Superintendent finds merit in an appeal, the local educational agency shall provide a remedy to the affected pupil.

(4) Information regarding the requirements of this section shall be included in the annual notification distributed to, among others, pupils, parents or guardians of pupils, employees, and other interested parties pursuant to Section 4622 of Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2023, Ch. 342, Sec. 3. (AB 714) Effective January 1, 2024.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) A pupil shall complete all of the following while in grades 9 to 12, inclusive, in order to receive a diploma of graduation from high school:

(1) At least the following numbers of courses in the subjects specified, each course having a duration of one year, unless otherwise specified:

(A) Three courses in English.

(B) Two courses in mathematics. If the governing board of a school district requires more than two courses in mathematics for graduation, the governing board of the school district may award a pupil up to one mathematics course credit pursuant to Section 51225.35.

(C) Two courses in science, including biological and physical sciences.

(D) Three courses in social studies, including United States history and geography; world history, culture, and geography; a one-semester course in American government and civics; and a one-semester course in economics.

(E) One course in visual or performing arts, world language, or career technical education.

(i) For purposes of satisfying the requirement specified in this subparagraph, a course in American Sign Language shall be deemed a course in world language.

(ii) For purposes of this subparagraph, “a course in career technical education” means a course in a district-operated career technical education program that is aligned to the career technical model curriculum standards and framework adopted by the state board, including courses through a regional occupational center or program operated by a county superintendent of schools or pursuant to a joint powers agreement.

(iii) This subparagraph does not require a school or school district that currently does not offer career technical education courses to start new career technical education programs for purposes of this section.

(iv) If a school district or county office of education elects to allow a career technical education course to satisfy the requirement imposed by this subparagraph, the governing board of the school district or county office of education, before offering that alternative to pupils, shall notify parents, teachers, pupils, and the public at a regularly scheduled meeting of the governing board of all of the following:

(I) The intent to offer career technical education courses to fulfill the graduation requirement specified in this subparagraph.

(II) The impact that offering career technical education courses, pursuant to this subparagraph, will have on the availability of courses that meet the eligibility requirements for admission to the California State University and the University of California, and whether the career technical education courses to be offered pursuant to this subparagraph are approved to satisfy those eligibility requirements. If a school district elects to allow a career technical education course to satisfy the requirement imposed by this subparagraph, the school district shall comply with subdivision (l) of Section 48980.

(III) The distinction, if any, between the high school graduation requirements of the school district or county office of education, and the eligibility requirements for admission to the California State University and the University of California.

(F) Two courses in physical education, unless the pupil has been exempted pursuant to this code.

(G) (i) Commencing with pupils graduating in the 2029–30 school year, including for pupils enrolled in a charter school, a one-semester course in ethnic studies. A local educational agency, including a charter school, may require a full-year course in ethnic studies at its discretion. Commencing with the 2025–26 school year, a local educational agency, including a charter school, with pupils in grades 9 to 12, inclusive, shall offer at least a one-semester course in ethnic studies.

(ii) Subject to the course offerings of a local educational agency, including a charter school, a pupil may fulfill the requirement of clause (i) through the completion of any of the following types of courses:

(I) A course based on the model curriculum developed pursuant to Section 51226.7.

(II) An existing ethnic studies course.

(III) An ethnic studies course taught as part of a course that has been approved as meeting the A–G requirements of the University of California and the California State University.

(IV) A locally developed ethnic studies course approved by the governing board of the school district or the governing body of the charter school. The proposed course shall first be presented at a public meeting of the governing board of the school district or the governing body of the charter school, and shall not be approved until a subsequent public meeting of the governing board or governing body at which the public has had the opportunity to express its views on the proposed course.

(iii) A course that does not use ethnic studies content as the primary content through which the subject is taught shall not be used to satisfy the requirement of clause (i).

(iv) A pupil completing a course described in clause (ii) shall also accrue credit for coursework in the subject that the course is offered, including, if applicable, credit toward satisfying a course required for a diploma of graduation from high school pursuant to this section.

(v) Curriculum, instruction, and instructional materials for a course described in clause (ii) shall meet all of the following requirements:

(I) Be appropriate for use with pupils of all races, religions, nationalities, genders, sexual orientations, and diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, pupils with disabilities, and English learners.

(II) Not reflect or promote, directly or indirectly, any bias, bigotry, or discrimination against any person or group of persons on the basis of any category protected by Section 220.

(III) Not teach or promote religious doctrine.

(vi) It is the intent of the Legislature that local educational agencies, including charter schools, consider that, pursuant to Section 51226.7, the Instructional Quality Commission undertook a lengthy, thorough, deliberative, and inclusive process before submitting a model curriculum in ethnic studies to the state board. To the extent that local educational agencies, including charter schools, choose to locally develop an ethnic studies program for approval by their governing board or governing body, it is the intent of the Legislature that local educational agencies not use the portions of the draft model curriculum that were not adopted by the Instructional Quality Commission due to concerns related to bias, bigotry, and discrimination.

(vii) The amendments made to this section by Section 1 of Chapter 661 of the Statutes of 2021 shall not be construed to alter any other requirement of this section for pupils enrolled in a charter school.

(H) (i) Commencing with pupils graduating in the 2030–31 school year, including for pupils enrolled in a charter school, a separate, stand-alone one-semester course in personal finance, that shall not be combined with any other course.

(ii) Commencing with pupils graduating in the 2030–31 school year, a local educational agency may exempt a pupil who completes a separate, stand-alone one-semester course in personal finance, that is not combined with any other course, from the requirement to complete a one-semester course in economics pursuant to subparagraph (D).

(iii) (I) A local educational agency may elect to eliminate one or more locally required courses established pursuant to paragraph (2) in order to accommodate the requirement that pupils, commencing with pupils graduating in the 2030–31 school year, complete a separate, stand-alone one-semester course in personal finance.

(II) This clause does not constitute a change in, but is declaratory of, existing law.

(iv) Commencing with the 2027–28 school year, a local educational agency, including a charter school, with pupils in grades 9 to 12, inclusive, shall offer in all of its high schools at least a separate, stand-alone one-semester course in personal finance, that is not combined with any other course.

(v) To satisfy the requirement of this subparagraph, a separate, stand-alone one-semester course in personal finance shall include information for pupils in grades 9 to 12, inclusive, on all of, and only, the topics listed in paragraphs (1) to (13), inclusive, of subdivision (a) of Section 51284.5.

(2) (A) Other coursework requirements adopted by the governing board of the school district.

(B) The governing board of a school district may, at its discretion, adopt a policy to exempt pupils from any coursework requirements adopted pursuant to subparagraph (A). It is the intent of the Legislature that the policy include a consultation with the pupil and the educational rights holder for the pupil regarding any impact of not fulfilling locally required coursework on the pupil’s ability to gain admission to an institution of higher education.

(C) This paragraph does not affect a pupil’s rights pursuant to Section 51225.1 or 51225.31.

(b) The governing board, with the active involvement of parents, administrators, teachers, and pupils, shall adopt alternative means for pupils to complete the prescribed course of study that may include practical demonstration of skills and competencies, supervised work experience or other outside school experience, career technical education classes offered in high schools, courses offered by regional occupational centers or programs, interdisciplinary study, independent study, and credit earned at a postsecondary educational institution. Requirements for graduation and specified alternative modes for completing the prescribed course of study shall be made available to pupils, parents, and the public.

(c) On or before July 1, 2017, the department shall submit a comprehensive report to the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature on the addition of career technical education courses to satisfy the requirement specified in subparagraph (E) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a), including, but not limited to, the following information:

(1) A comparison of the pupil enrollment in career technical education courses, world language courses, and visual and performing arts courses for the 2005–06 to 2011–12 school years, inclusive, to the pupil enrollment in career technical education courses, world language courses, and visual and performing arts courses for the 2012–13 to 2016–17 school years, inclusive.

(2) The reasons, reported by school districts, that pupils give for choosing to enroll in a career technical education course to satisfy the requirement specified in subparagraph (E) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a).

(3) The type and number of career technical education courses that were conducted for the 2005–06 to 2011–12 school years, inclusive, compared to the type and number of career technical education courses that were conducted for the 2012–13 to 2016–17 school years, inclusive.

(4) The number of career technical education courses that satisfied the subject matter requirements for admission to the University of California or the California State University.

(5) The extent to which the career technical education courses chosen by pupils are aligned with the California Career Technical Education Model Curriculum Standards, and prepare pupils for employment, advanced training, and postsecondary education.

(6) The number of career technical education courses that also satisfy the visual and performing arts requirement, and the number of career technical education courses that also satisfy the world language requirement.

(7) Annual pupil dropout and graduation rates for the 2011–12 to 2014–15 school years, inclusive.

(d) For purposes of completing the report described in subdivision (c), the Superintendent may use existing state resources and federal funds. If state or federal funds are not available or sufficient, the Superintendent may apply for and accept grants, and receive donations and other financial support from public or private sources for purposes of this section.

(e) For purposes of completing the report described in subdivision (c), the Superintendent may accept support, including, but not limited to, financial and technical support, from high school reform advocates, teachers, chamber organizations, industry representatives, research centers, parents, and pupils.

(f) The amendments made to this section by Section 1 of Chapter 661 of the Statutes of 2021 shall become operative only upon an appropriation of funds by the Legislature for purposes of these amendments in the annual Budget Act or another statute.

history: (History: Amended (as amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 8, Sec. 45) by Stats. 2025, Ch. 622, Sec. 1. (AB 821) Effective January 1, 2026.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text: The governing board of each elementary school district shall certify to the Superintendent of Public Instruction that it has adopted a policy to implement a course of instruction that sufficiently prepares the pupils in the district for the course of study required in Section 51225.3. This certification shall be submitted to the superintendent at the same time the district submits its apportionment reports.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 1058, Sec. 41. Effective January 1, 2001.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12


text:
(a) (1) The governing board of a school district maintaining a high school may confer honorary high school diplomas upon foreign exchange students from other countries who have not completed the course of study ordinarily required for graduation, and who are returning to their home countries following the completion of one academic school year in a school district in the state.

(2) The governing board of a school district, a county office of education, and the governing body of a charter school maintaining a high school may confer an honorary high school diploma upon a pupil who is terminally ill.

(b) An honorary high school diploma awarded pursuant to this section shall be clearly distinguishable from the regular diploma of graduation awarded by the school district, county office of education, or charter school.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 167, Sec. 8. (AB 2109) Effective January 1, 2019.)

title: 2. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 3. Courses of Study, Grades 7 to 12