text:
(a) It is the intent of the Legislature that the University of California annually report to the Legislature on the institution’s efforts to prevent and address sex discrimination on campuses of the University of California.

(b) The University of California is requested to submit, on or before December 1 of each year, a report to the Legislature, in compliance with Section 9795 of the Government Code, that provides a summation of the activities undertaken by each campus and by the systemwide Title IX office to ensure campus programs and activities are free from sex discrimination. The report shall include, but is not limited to, all of the following information:

(1) (A) The number of sexual harassment reports filed disaggregated by each individual campus and the president’s office.

(B) The number of sexual harassment complaints filed with the campus-based or systemwide Title IX coordinator disaggregated by each individual campus and the president’s office. Sexual harassment complaints shall include all sexual harassment complaints that have been submitted to a Title IX office regardless of whether or not an official investigation has begun.

(2) The number of sexual harassment complaints under investigation, the length of time taken to commence an official investigation after a sexual harassment complaint is filed, and the length of time taken from the beginning of an investigation to the completion of a final investigative report, disaggregated by each individual campus and the president’s office as follows:

(A) The length of time taken to commence an official investigation after a sexual harassment complaint is filed shall be grouped in the following categories:

(i) Less than two weeks.

(ii) Two weeks to one month.

(iii) One to three months.

(iv) Three to six months.

(v) Six to 12 months.

(vi) Twelve to 18 months.

(vii) More than 18 months.

(B) The length of time taken from the beginning of an investigation to the completion of a final investigative report shall be grouped in the following categories:

(i) Less than six months.

(ii) Six to 12 months.

(iii) Twelve to 18 months.

(iv) More than 18 months.

(3) The number of hearings conducted for sexual harassment complaints and the outcomes of those hearings disaggregated by each individual campus and the president’s office. The outcomes of those hearings shall be grouped in the following categories:

(A) An informal resolution or settlement was agreed to by the complainant and respondent.

(B) A hearing was convened and a final administrative decision was rendered by the decisionmaker.

(C) A hearing is scheduled or has concluded, but the decisionmaker has not rendered a final administrative decision.

(4) (A) The number of appeals requested by either the complainant or respondent disaggregated by each individual campus and the Office of the President.

(B) The outcomes of the appeals identified in subparagraph (A) disaggregated by each individual campus and the president’s office.

(C) The outcomes of appeals that occur if an employee respondent elects to appeal a discipline sanction as a result of the complaint through the appeal process provided by the employee’s collective bargaining agreement.

(5) A list of the personnel disaggregated by campus who are exempt from being responsible employees pursuant to subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 66281.8.

(c) The University of California is requested to post the annual reports described in subdivision (b) on its internet website and to present each report during a public meeting of the regents.

(d) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Final administrative decision” means the written determination of whether or not sexual harassment occurred as determined by the decisionmaker following the final investigative report and the subsequent hearing.

(2) “Final investigative report” means the final report of the summary of relevant evidence provided by the Title IX investigator to the complainant and respondent.

(3) “President’s office” means the office of the President of the University of California.

(4) “Sexual harassment” has the same meaning as described in Section 66262.5.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2024, Ch. 883, Sec. 3. (SB 1166) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 4. Sex Equity in Education


kind: section

code: EDC

text:
(a) This section shall be known, and may be cited, as Katie Meyer’s Law.

(b) In order to receive state funds for student financial assistance, the governing board of each community college district, the Trustees of the California State University, the Board of Directors of the College of the Law, San Francisco, and the Regents of the University of California shall adopt a policy permitting a student to be assisted by an adviser if the student receives a notification of an alleged violation of the public postsecondary educational institution’s student code of conduct. The policy shall include all of the following:

(1) The initial allegation letter that is received by the student shall include a clause informing the student of their right to select an adviser of their choice or to request the public postsecondary educational institution to provide an adviser to the student.

(2) A public postsecondary educational institution may use any of the following to fulfill its obligation to provide an adviser to the student:

(A) A confidential respondent services coordinator.

(B) An agreement with a student-based peer support program.

(C) An agreement with an alumni-based support program.

(3) The adviser selected by the student or provided by the public postsecondary educational institution shall be provided training by the institution on the institution’s adjudication procedures for the alleged violation. The training may be provided in an online format, and is not required to, but may, have an in-person or interactive element. To the extent practical, institutions within each segment of public postsecondary education are encouraged to collaborate to develop a training that can be used by more than one institution in that segment.

(4) An adviser, with written permission from the student, shall receive updates along with the student during the adjudication process of the alleged violation of the student code of conduct and shall participate in the process as an advocate for the student or in the role of adviser as authorized by Section 66281.8 and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681 et seq.).

(c) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Adjudication procedures” means a public postsecondary educational institution’s established process to determine if a student has violated the student code of conduct and the established process to respond when violations are sustained.

(2) “Public postsecondary educational institution” means a community college, a campus of the California State University, a campus of the University of California, or the College of the Law, San Francisco.

(3) “Segment of public postsecondary education” means the California Community Colleges, the California State University, or the University of California.

(4) “Student code of conduct” means any rules or policies adopted by a public postsecondary educational institution on the expectations or standards of student behavior on campus, including, but not limited to, standards related to academics, athletics, and sex discrimination.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2024, Ch. 808, Sec. 1. (AB 1575) Effective January 1, 2025.)

division: 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS

part: 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 4.5. Equity in Higher Education Act

article: 4. Sex Equity in Education

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 4.5. Equity in Higher Education Act > 4. Sex Equity in Education


text:
(a) It is the policy of the State of California, pursuant to Section 66251, that all persons, regardless of their sex, should enjoy freedom from discrimination of any kind in the postsecondary educational institutions of the state.

(b) (1) Notwithstanding Section 67400, in order to receive state financial assistance, as defined in Section 213, the appropriate governing board or body of each public postsecondary educational institution shall adopt a written policy that, at a minimum, includes, but is not limited to, all of the following provisions:

(A) If an administrator is required to relinquish tenure as a faculty member to become an administrator, then there shall be a provision prohibiting retreat rights if any of following have occurred:

(i) The employee is the respondent in a sexual harassment complaint filed with the public postsecondary educational institution and the employee is determined in a final administrative decision to have committed sexual harassment.

(ii) The employee is the respondent in a sexual harassment complaint filed with the public postsecondary educational institution and, before a final administrative decision is made, the employee resigns from their current position.

(iii) The employee is the respondent in a sexual harassment complaint filed with the public postsecondary educational institution and the employee has entered into a settlement with the public postsecondary educational institution.

(B) A provision requiring any administrator or supervisor who elects to provide an official letter of recommendation to an employee of the public postsecondary educational institution to consult with the appropriate entities to determine if the employee is a respondent in a sexual harassment complaint filed with the public postsecondary educational institution.

(C) A provision prohibiting the supervisor or administrator from providing an official letter of recommendation, if it is determined the employee is a respondent in a sexual harassment complaint, and any of the following has occurred:

(i) The employee is determined in a final administrative decision to have committed sexual harassment.

(ii) Before a final administrative decision is made, and while an investigation is pending, the employee resigns from their current position.

(iii) The employee enters into a settlement with the public postsecondary educational institution based on the allegations arising from the sexual harassment complaint.

(2) Paragraph (1) does not prohibit a public postsecondary educational institution from adopting a policy on employees’ ineligibility for retreat rights that is more expansive than the provisions described in paragraph (1), provided that the provisions described in paragraph (1) are incorporated into the policy.

(c) Notwithstanding Section 67400, in order to receive state financial assistance, as defined in Section 213, the appropriate governing board or body of each public postsecondary educational institution shall adopt a written policy on settlements and informal resolutions of complaints of sexual harassment in cases where the respondent is an employee of the public postsecondary educational institution. The written policy, at a minimum, shall include all of the following provisions:

(1) A provision that prohibits a settlement, an informal resolution, or both, from being offered or entered into if any of following apply:

(A) A complainant of the sexual harassment complaint filed against an employee respondent is a student.

(B) An employee respondent is accused of committing sexual assault, sexual violence, or sexual battery.

(C) The settlement or informal resolution includes a nondisclosure agreement.

(2) A provision that requires the campus chief executive officer to approve informal resolutions. The campus chief executive officer shall not delegate that responsibility to a designee.

(3) A provision that requires the campus chief executive officer to preliminarily approve all offers of sexual harassment settlements. The campus chief executive officer shall not delegate that responsibility to a designee.

(4) A provision that requires the governing board of a community college district, the Trustees of the California State University, the Regents of the University of California, or the Board of Directors of the College of the Law, San Francisco, as applicable, to approve offers of sexual harassment settlements that have been preliminarily approved by the campus chief executive officer pursuant to paragraph (3).

(d) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Chief executive officer” means the president of a community college campus or a California State University campus, the chancellor of a University of California campus, or the dean of the College of the Law, San Francisco.

(2) “Complainant” means an individual who is alleged to have been subjected to conduct that could constitute sexual or sex-based harassment.

(3) “Final administrative decision” means the written determination of whether or not sexual harassment occurred as determined by the decisionmaker following the final investigative report and a hearing, if a hearing is either required pursuant to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681 et seq.) or federal regulations implementing those provisions, or is required by the public postsecondary educational institution’s written policy on sex discrimination, including sexual harassment, and related grievance processes. If a party has filed a timely grievance or appeal, “final administrative decision” means after the grievance or appeal decision has been issued.

(4) “Informal resolution” means an agreement between a public postsecondary educational institution and a respondent and complainant for the purpose of resolving a complaint of sexual harassment before a final administrative decision is made.

(5) “Public postsecondary educational institution” means any campus of the California Community Colleges, the California State University, the University of California, or the College of the Law, San Francisco.

(6) “Respondent” means the person alleged to have engaged in prohibited conduct under Title IX of the federal Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681(a)(3)) or under a public postsecondary educational institution’s written policy on sex discrimination, including sexual or sex-based harassment.

(7) “Retreat rights” means the ability of an administrator who was required to relinquish tenure as a faculty member to become an administrator to return to a faculty position if their administrative role comes to an end.

(8) “Settlement” means an agreement between a public postsecondary educational institution and a respondent for the purpose of resolving a complaint of sexual harassment. “Settlement” does not include a settlement reached in a civil action brought by the respondent against the public postsecondary educational institution.

(9) “Student” means a person who has gained admission and is matriculated at the public postsecondary educational institution.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2024, Ch. 813, Sec. 1. (AB 1905) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 4. Sex Equity in Education


text: Prior to receipt of any state financial assistance or state student financial aid, a postsecondary educational institution shall provide assurance to the agency administering the funds, in the manner required by the funding agency, that each program or activity conducted by the postsecondary educational institution will be conducted in compliance with this chapter and all other applicable provisions of state law prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex. A single assurance, not more than one page in length and signed by an appropriate responsible official of the postsecondary educational institution, may be provided for all the programs and activities conducted by a postsecondary educational institution.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 1998, Ch. 914, Sec. 49. Effective January 1, 1999.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 4.5. Equity in Higher Education Act > 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) Beginning with the 2017–18 school year, each postsecondary educational institution in this state that claims an exemption pursuant to Section 901(a)(3) of the federal Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681(a)(3)) or has an exemption pursuant to Section 66271 shall disclose to current and prospective students, faculty members, and employees the basis for claiming or having the exemption and the scope of the allowable activities provided by the exemption.

(b) The disclosure required in subdivision (a) shall be made in all of the following ways:

(1) The disclosure shall be displayed in a prominent location of the campus or school site. “Prominent location” means that location, or those locations, in the main administrative building or other area where notices regarding the institution’s rules, regulations, procedures, and standards of conduct are posted.

(2) The disclosure shall be included in written materials sent to prospective students seeking admission to the institution.

(3) The disclosure shall be provided as part of orientation programs conducted for new students at the beginning of each quarter, semester, or summer session, as applicable.

(4) The disclosure shall be provided to each faculty member, member of the administrative staff, and member of the support staff at the beginning of the first quarter or semester of each school year. The disclosure shall be provided to each new employee upon his or her hire.

(5) The disclosure shall be included in any publication of the institution that sets forth the comprehensive rules, regulations, procedures, and standards of conduct for the institution.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2016, Ch. 888, Sec. 1. (SB 1146) Effective January 1, 2017.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) (1) Beginning with the 2017–18 school year, each postsecondary educational institution in this state that claims an exemption pursuant to Section 901(a)(3) of the federal Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681(a)(3)) shall submit to the Student Aid Commission copies of all materials submitted to, and received from, a state or federal agency concerning the granting of the exemption.

(2) Beginning with the 2017–18 school year, each postsecondary educational institution in this state not described in paragraph (1) that has an exemption pursuant to Section 66271 shall submit to the Student Aid Commission its basis for having the exemption.

(b) The Student Aid Commission shall collect the information received pursuant to subdivision (a) and post and maintain a list on the commission’s internet website of the institutions that have claimed the exemption with their respective bases for claiming or having the exemption.

(c) Beginning with the 2026–27 school year, the Student Aid Commission shall provide a written notice to students who receive state financial aid regarding whether their postsecondary educational institution has an exception pursuant to subdivision (a) on file with the commission. The written notice shall inform students of their right to report discrimination to the United States Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights, and shall include the contact information, including the telephone number, office location, and email address, for the United States Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 490, Sec. 3. (SB 1491) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) A community college district shall submit timely, complete, and accurate compliance reports to the chancellor’s office, as that entity may require.

(b) All reports submitted pursuant to this section shall be made available by the educational institution for public inspection during regular business hours.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) The governing board of each community college district and the chief executive officer of the community college district shall have joint responsibility for ensuring that programs and activities offered by the community college district are free from discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270, including, but not limited to, the prevention of sexual harassment as defined in Section 66262.5.

(b) The office of the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges shall have responsibility for monitoring each community college district’s compliance with subdivision (a).

(c) The office of the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges shall annually make a presentation during a public meeting of the Board of Governors on the state of the California Community Colleges system in ensuring that community college district programs and activities are free from discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270. The presentation shall include an overview of the chancellor’s office’s efforts in monitoring and ensuring the compliance of each district with providing programs and activities that are free from discrimination, including, but not limited to, the prevention of sexual harassment as defined in Section 66262.5. The presentation shall include an overview of how community college districts are complying with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681 et seq.) and Sections 66281.5, 66281.8, 67385, 67385.7, and 67386.

(d) The office of the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges shall annually review the California Community Colleges system’s regulations on nondiscrimination and shall revise the regulations as necessary to ensure that all community college districts are offering programs and activities that are free from discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270.

(e) The Chancellor of the California Community Colleges, or the chancellor’s designee, shall annually present during a public hearing of the Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Subcommittee No. 1 on Education the annual presentation described in subdivision (c). It is the intent of the Legislature that this presentation includes an overview of how the California Community Colleges are addressing and preventing discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270 before the California Community Colleges system receives state student financial aid.

(f) The Chancellor of the California Community Colleges, or the chancellor’s designee, shall annually present during a public hearing of the Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 3 on Education Finance the annual presentation described in subdivision (c). It is the intent of the Legislature that the presentation includes an overview of how the California Community Colleges are addressing and preventing discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270 before the California Community Colleges system receives state student financial aid.

(g) As used in this section, “Board of Governors” means the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2026, Ch. 79, Sec. 5. (SB 135) Effective July 13, 2026.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) The president of each California State University campus shall have the primary responsibility for ensuring that campus programs and activities are free from discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270, including, but not limited to, the prevention of sexual harassment as defined in Section 66262.5.

(b) The Chancellor of the California State University shall have responsibility for monitoring the compliance of each California State University campus with subdivision (a).

(c) The chancellor’s office shall annually present a report to the Board of Trustees on the state of the California State University system in ensuring that programs and activities are free from discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270. The report shall include an overview of the chancellor’s office’s efforts in monitoring and ensuring the compliance of each campus with providing programs and activities that are free from discrimination, including, but not limited to, sexual harassment as defined in Section 66262.5. The report shall include how each campus is complying with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681 et seq.) and Sections 66281.5, 66281.8, 67385, 67385.7, and 67386.

(d) The Chancellor of the California State University, or the chancellor’s designee, shall annually present during a public hearing of the Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Subcommittee No. 1 on Education the report described in subdivision (c). It is the intent of the Legislature that the presentation includes an overview of how the California State University is addressing and preventing discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270 before the California State University system receives state student financial aid.

(e) The Chancellor of the California State University, or the chancellor’s designee, shall annually present during a public hearing of the Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 3 on Education Finance the report described in subdivision (c). It is the intent of the Legislature that the presentation includes an overview of how the California State University is addressing and preventing discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270 before the California State University system receives state student financial aid.

(f) As used in this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Board of Trustees” means the Board of Trustees of the California State University.

(2) “Chancellor’s office” means the office of the Chancellor of the California State University.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2026, Ch. 79, Sec. 6. (SB 135) Effective July 13, 2026.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) The chancellor of each University of California campus shall have the primary responsibility for ensuring that campus programs and activities are free from discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270, including, but not limited to, the prevention of sexual harassment as defined in Section 66262.5.

(b) The President of the University of California, or the president’s designee, shall have the responsibility for monitoring the compliance of each University of California campus with subdivision (a).

(c) The office of the President shall annually present a report to the Board of Regents on the state of the University of California system in ensuring that programs and activities are free from discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270. The report shall include an overview of the office of the President’s efforts in monitoring and ensuring compliance of each campus with providing programs and activities that are free from discrimination, including, but not limited to, sexual harassment as defined in Section 66262.5. The report shall include how each campus is complying with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1681 et seq.) and Sections 66281.5, 66281.8, 67385, 67385.7, and 67386.

(d) The President of the University of California, or the president’s designee, shall annually present the report described in subdivision (c) during a public hearing of the Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Subcommittee No. 1 on Education. It is the intent of the Legislature that the presentation includes an overview of how the University of California is addressing and preventing discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270 before the University of California system receives state student financial aid.

(e) The President of the University of California, or the president’s designee, shall annually present the report described in subdivision (c) during a public hearing of the Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 3 on Education Finance. It is the intent of the Legislature that the presentation includes an overview of how the University of California is addressing and preventing discrimination based on the characteristics listed in Section 66270 before the University of California system receives state student financial aid.

(f) Section 67400 shall not apply to this section.

(g) As used in this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Board of Regents” means the Board of Regents of the University of California.

(2) “Office of the President” means the office of the President of the University of California.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2026, Ch. 79, Sec. 7. (SB 135) Effective July 13, 2026.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) A party to a written complaint of prohibited discrimination may appeal the action taken by the governing board of a community college district or the president of a campus of the California State University, pursuant to this article, to the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges or the Chancellor of the California State University, as applicable.

(b) Persons who have filed a complaint, pursuant to this chapter, with an educational institution shall be advised by the educational institution that civil law remedies, including, but not limited to, injunctions, restraining orders, or other remedies or orders, may also be available to complainants. The educational institution shall make this information available by publication in appropriate informational materials.

(c) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require an exhaustion of the appeal to the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges or to the Chancellor of the California State University pursuant to subdivision (a), before civil law remedies may be purchased.

(d) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a person who alleges that he or she is a victim of discrimination may not seek civil remedies pursuant to this section until at least 90 days have elapsed from the filing of a discrimination complaint with the local educational agency. The 90-day moratorium imposed by this subdivision does not apply to injunctive relief and is applicable only if the local educational agency has appropriately, and in a timely manner, apprised the complainant of his or her right to file a complaint.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text: This chapter may be enforced through a civil action.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) Beginning after the date on which the United States Secretary of Education makes the online survey available to institutions, the office of the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges and the office of the Chancellor of the California State University shall, and the office of the President of the University of California is requested to, do all of the following:

(1) Develop questions in consultation with experts to determine student perspectives on campus climate.

(2) Consult with student organizations and trauma experts, including, but not limited to, nonprofit organizations with expertise in campus climate, so that the questions developed pursuant to paragraph (1) incorporate trauma-informed language.

(3) Submit the questions developed pursuant to paragraph (1) to the United States Secretary of Education for review and approval to be incorporated into the online survey.

(b) Beginning one year after the date on which the United States Secretary of Education makes the online survey available to institutions, and every two years thereafter, the office of the Chancellor of the California Community Colleges and the office of the Chancellor of the California State University shall, and the office of the President of the University of California is requested to, submit a report on the published campus-level results from the online survey to the Assembly Committee on Higher Education and the Senate Committee on Education.

(c) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Campus climate” means a measure of an individual’s experience within a learning environment, specifically focusing on the current attitudes, practices, and behaviors of campus life that impact the success and retention of all members of a campus community.

(2) “Institutions” means campuses of the California Community Colleges, the California State University, and the University of California.

(3) “Online survey” means the online survey tool for campus safety established by Section 1507 of Title III of Division H of Public Law 117–103.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2022, Ch. 928, Sec. 1. (AB 1712) Effective January 1, 2023.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) On or before July 1, 2026, the California State University shall implement the recommendations provided in the California State Auditor Report 2022-109, dated July 18, 2023, including, but not limited to, by doing all of the following:

(1) Developing standardized guidelines for all formal investigations into allegations of sexual harassment by each California State University campus and the chancellor’s office, including how to perform and structure the analysis to establish whether sexual harassment has occurred.

(2) Developing a policy for each California State University campus and the chancellor’s office that ensures they are able to maintain a process for tracking key dates related to the timeliness of all sexual harassment cases and conducting investigations in a timely manner.

(3) Establishing systemwide requirements for each California State University campus and the chancellor’s office to address conduct that is unprofessional but does not meet the threshold of sexual harassment.

(4) Developing a policy to ensure current and former employees found to have engaged in sexual harassment, including those who have received less severe discipline than termination, such as suspension or demotion, are not given official positive references for employment.

(5) Requiring that each California State University campus and the chancellor’s office use the same case management system and track data consistently in their files for each sexual harassment case.

(6) Issuing comprehensive best practices, including how campuses should survey their communities and increase awareness of options for reporting sexual harassment for each California State University campus.

(7) Requiring the chancellor’s office to conduct regular compliance reviews of each California State University campus to determine whether they are complying with the law, California State University policy, and best practices in regards to sexual harassment policy.

(b) (1) The California State University shall submit an initial report on or before July 1, 2025, and a final report on or before December 1, 2026, to the Legislature, the Assembly Committee on Higher Education, the Joint Legislative Audit Committee, and the Senate Committee on Education on the status of implementing the California State Auditor recommendations, including, if completed at the time of the report, any summarized results from the campus compliance reviews conducted pursuant to paragraph (7) of subdivision (a), and identification of any systemic issues the California State University has in meeting the recommendations of the California State Auditor Report 2022-109, dated July 18, 2023.

(2) The final report required pursuant to paragraph (1) may be included as part of the annual report required by Section 66282.

(3) Reports submitted pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be submitted in compliance with Section 9795 of the Government Code.

(c) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Chancellor’s office” means the office of the Chancellor of the California State University.

(2) “Sexual harassment” means the same as defined in Section 66262.5.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2024, Ch. 86, Sec. 1. (AB 1790) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

article: 5. Compliance and Enforcement


text:
(a) The Regents of the University of California, the Trustees of the California State University, and the governing board of every community college district, shall adopt or provide for the adoption of specific rules and regulations governing student behavior along with applicable penalties for violation of the rules and regulations. The institutions shall adopt procedures by which all students are informed of these rules and regulations, with applicable penalties, and any revisions thereof.

(b) In adopting the rules and regulations governing student behavior pursuant to subdivision (a), the Regents of the University of California and the Trustees of the California State University shall place in the highest priority the health, safety, and well-being of the campus community and shall, on or before July 1, 2026, adopt, or provide for the adoption of, rules and regulations governing student behavior as follows:

(1) Students receiving medical treatment for the personal use of drugs or alcohol shall not be subject to disciplinary action with respect to the use of drugs or alcohol in violation of the rules and regulations governing student behavior adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) if they complete an appropriate rehabilitation program, as described in subdivision (d).

(2) Students described in paragraph (1) who violate rules and regulations for drug or alcohol use shall be offered the chance to complete an appropriate rehabilitation program, as described in subdivision (d).

(c) Subdivision (b) shall not apply to students who receive medical treatment for personal use of drugs or alcohol and are subject to a disciplinary sanction or sanctions for additional violations of rules and regulations governing student behavior adopted pursuant to subdivision (a).

(d) In order for the prohibition on disciplinary action pursuant to subdivision (b) to apply to a student related to that student’s violation of the institution’s rules and regulations on drug and alcohol use, the student shall, pursuant to Section 1011i of Title 20 of the United States Code, be required to participate in an appropriate rehabilitation program within the timeframe set by the campus administrator overseeing student disciplinary actions. If the student does not complete the appropriate rehabilitation program, they shall be subject to disciplinary action in accordance with the institution’s rules and regulations governing student behavior.

(e) Nothing in this section shall prohibit the institution from including information about the appropriate rehabilitation program completed pursuant to subdivision (d) and the exemption from disciplinary action provided pursuant to subdivision (b) in a student’s administrative file.

(f) The prohibition on disciplinary action for drug and alcohol use described in paragraph (1) of subdivision (b), and the requirement that the student be offered the chance to complete an appropriate rehabilitation program, as described in paragraph (2) of subdivision (b), shall only apply to a student once in an academic semester, quarter, or term, as defined by the campus. For subsequent violations of rules and regulations related to drug and alcohol use in the same academic semester, quarter, or term, the institution shall subject the student to disciplinary proceedings, at the conclusion of which the institution may impose disciplinary action or offer the student the chance to complete an appropriate rehabilitation program, as that term is described in subdivision (d).

(g) It is the intent of the Legislature for a campus of the California State University and the University of California to provide restorative justice practices for disciplinary proceedings for violations of the institution’s rules and regulations related to drug and alcohol use, when deemed appropriate based on the totality of circumstances.

(h) This section does not in any way modify or affect the requirements under state or federal law for the reporting of crimes that occur on campus as it pertains to drug possession, drug manufacturing, drug distribution, and drug use.

(i) For purposes of this section, “appropriate rehabilitation program” means an appropriate counseling, treatment, rehabilitation, or other diversion program, and may include, but is not limited to, participating in meetings with a school counselor or attending a drug education group.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 159, Sec. 1. (AB 602) Effective January 1, 2026.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 5. Rules of Student Conduct

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 5. Rules of Student Conduct


text:
(a) Neither the Regents of the University of California, the Trustees of the California State University, the governing board of a community college district, nor an administrator of any campus of those institutions, shall make or enforce a rule subjecting a student to disciplinary sanction solely on the basis of conduct that is speech or other communication that, when engaged in outside a campus of those institutions, is protected from governmental restriction by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution or Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution.

(b) A student enrolled in an institution, as specified in subdivision (a), at the time that the institution has made or enforced a rule in violation of subdivision (a) may commence a civil action to obtain appropriate injunctive and declaratory relief as determined by the court. Upon a motion, a court may award attorney’s fees to a prevailing plaintiff in a civil action pursuant to this section.

(c) This section does not authorize a prior restraint of student speech or the student press.

(d) This section does not prohibit the imposition of discipline for harassment, threats, or intimidation, unless constitutionally protected.

(e) This section does not prohibit an institution from adopting rules and regulations that are designed to prevent hate violence, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 4 of Chapter 1363 of the Statutes of 1992, from being directed at students in a manner that denies them their full participation in the educational process, if the rules and regulations conform to standards established by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution for citizens generally.

(f) An employee shall not be dismissed, suspended, disciplined, reassigned, transferred, or otherwise retaliated against solely for acting to protect a student engaged in conduct authorized under this section, or refusing to infringe upon conduct that is protected by this section, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, or Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2008, Ch. 525, Sec. 4. Effective January 1, 2009.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) The Trustees of the California State University and the governing board of each community college district shall adopt and publish policies on harassment, intimidation, and bullying, and shall include these policies within the rules and regulations governing student behavior within their respective segments of public postsecondary education.

(b) It is the intent of the Legislature that rules and regulations governing student conduct be published, at a minimum, on the internet website of each public postsecondary educational campus and as part of any printed material covering those rules and regulations within the respective public postsecondary education system.

(c) The University of California is requested to comply with this section. This section shall apply to the University of California only to the extent that the Regents of the University of California, by appropriate resolution, make it applicable.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 490, Sec. 4. (SB 1491) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: The Trustees of the California State University shall provide, and the Regents of the University of California are requested to provide, as a part of established campus orientations, educational and preventive information about cyberbullying to students at all campuses of their respective segments.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2019, Ch. 146, Sec. 1. (SB 366) Effective January 1, 2020.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: For purposes of promoting peaceful campus demonstrations, the Trustees of the California State University shall require each campus of the California State University to designate an individual to serve as a liaison between campus law enforcement agencies and students exercising rights guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution or Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution, or both. The Regents of the University of California are requested to designate an individual at each campus of the University of California to serve as a liaison between campus law enforcement agencies and students exercising rights guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution or Section 2 of Article I of the California Constitution, or both.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 581, Sec. 1. (AB 1955) Effective January 1, 2013.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: This chapter shall be known, and may be cited, as the Stop Campus Hazing Act.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2024, Ch. 704, Sec. 2. (AB 2193) Effective January 1, 2025.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 5.1. Stop Campus Hazing Act

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 5.1. Stop Campus Hazing Act


text:
Unless the context otherwise requires, for purposes of this chapter, the following definitions shall apply:

(a) “Affiliated” means currently recognized or sanctioned by the educational institution through its official student organization application process. For purposes of this chapter, an organization that had previously been recognized or sanctioned by the educational institution but has subsequently had that recognition or sanction withdrawn or revoked by the educational institution shall not be considered affiliated.

(b) “Educational institution” means a public or private institution of higher education in the state. The term includes the officers, employees, or governing bodies of the institution, when acting in their official capacity.

(c) “Hazing” means any method of initiation or preinitiation into an affiliated student organization or student body, which the initiator knows or should have known is likely to cause serious bodily injury to any former, current, or prospective student of any school, community college, college, university, or other educational institution in this state. The term “hazing” does not include customary athletic events or school-sanctioned events.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: No person shall be subjected to hazing in any program or activity conducted by any educational institution that receives, or benefits from, state financial assistance or enrolls students who receive state student financial aid.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) Beginning January 1, 2026, a former, current, or prospective student, against whom hazing is directed and who has suffered injury as a result, may commence a civil action for damages. In addition to bringing an action against any participants in the hazing or the organization pursuant to subdivision (e) of Section 245.6 of the Penal Code, an action may be brought against any educational institution for the hazing practice of the organization involving one or more students if all of the following apply:

(1) The educational institution had direct involvement in the hazing practice of the organization, or knew or should have known of the hazing practice and failed to take reasonable steps to prevent the hazing practice of the organization.

(2) At the time of the alleged hazing incident, the organization involved in the hazing is affiliated with the educational institution.

(3) The alleged hazing incident occurred on or after January 1, 2026.

(b) For purposes of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a), there shall be a rebuttable presumption that an educational institution took reasonable steps to prevent the hazing practice of the organization if the educational institution has all of the following:

(1) (A) Rules and regulations governing student behavior that include a prohibition on hazing, anonymous reporting of hazing incidents, and disciplinary actions for the violation of the hazing prohibition.

(B) Procedures by which all students are informed of the rules and regulations, with applicable penalties, and any revisions to the rules and regulations.

(2) (A) Rules and regulations governing employee behavior that include a prohibition on hazing and disciplinary actions for the violation of the hazing prohibition.

(B) Procedures by which all employees are informed of the rules and regulations, with applicable penalties, and any revisions to the rules and regulations.

(3) (A) A comprehensive prevention and outreach program addressing hazing. The comprehensive prevention program shall include components on identifying hazing, hazing prevention, and bystander intervention strategies. An outreach program shall be provided to inform students of the educational institution’s policy on the prohibition on hazing, and, at a minimum, include a process for contacting and informing the student body, athletic programs, and affiliated student organizations about the educational institution’s overall prohibition on hazing policy. For purposes of this paragraph, “comprehensive prevention and outreach program” includes, but is not limited to, providing information to students about all of the following:

(i) Hazing awareness, prevention, and the educational institution’s policy on the prohibition on hazing.

(ii) Campus policies and resources relating to hazing, including how to report hazing to the appropriate campus personnel, which includes anonymous reporting.

(iii) A focus on prevention and bystander intervention training as it relates to hazing.

(B) The comprehensive prevention and outreach program to address hazing shall be part of every incoming student’s orientation and shall be offered annually to the following campus-affiliated organizations:

(i) Athletic teams.

(ii) Affiliated sororities and fraternities.

(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, nothing in this section affects existing rights, obligations, and remedies under Section 245.6 of the Penal Code.

(d) The duties and obligations imposed by this chapter are cumulative with any other duties or obligations imposed under any other law and shall not be construed to relieve any party from any duties or obligations imposed under any other law, and do not limit any rights or remedies under existing law.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 67, Sec. 64. (AB 1170) Effective January 1, 2026.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) On or before June 30, 2026, and on or before June 30 of each year thereafter, the Trustees of the California State University, the Regents of the University of California, and each independent institution of higher education that is a “qualifying institution,” as defined in subdivision (l) of Section 69432.7, shall report to the appropriate policy committees of the Legislature the number of hazing incidents that constituted a violation of the institution of higher education’s policy prohibiting hazing and whether the violation was affiliated with a student organization. The report shall be disaggregated by campus.

(b) Notwithstanding any other requirement of this section, a report required pursuant to this section shall comply with all applicable state and federal privacy laws, including, but not limited to, the federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1232g).

(c) As used in this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Hazing” means any method of initiation or preinitiation into an affiliated student organization or student body, which the initiator knows or should have known is likely to cause serious bodily injury to any former, current, or prospective student of any school, community college, college, university, or other educational institution in this state. “Hazing” does not include customary athletic events or school-sanctioned events.

(2) “Student organization” means either of the following:

(A) A conference-based competitive program at the institution of higher education.

(B) A sorority or fraternity that has officially met the formal chartering and recognition requirements at the institution of higher education where it operates and remains in good standing at the time of the alleged hazing incident.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: This chapter shall be known, and may be cited, as the Campus-Recognized Sorority and Fraternity Transparency Act.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2022, Ch. 268, Sec. 1. (AB 524) Effective January 1, 2023.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 5.2. Campus-Recognized Sorority and Fraternity Transparency Act


text:
(a) As used in this chapter, the following definitions apply:

(1) “Academic year” has the same meaning as in Section 69432.7.

(2) (A) “Campus-recognized sorority or fraternity” means a sorority or fraternity that has officially met the formal chartering and recognition requirements at the institution where it operates.

(B) As used in this chapter, this definition does not include a collegiate honor society.

(3) “Chapter house” means any residence located on or off campus that is owned by the institution of higher education but occupied by a campus-recognized sorority or fraternity, or any residence located on or off campus that is owned and occupied by the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity.

(4) “Institution of higher education” or “institution” means a campus of the California Community Colleges, the California State University, or the University of California, a private postsecondary educational institution, or an independent institution of higher education.

(5) “Misconduct” means any conduct in violation of institutional policies reportable under Section 1092(f)(1)(F)(i)(II) and (IX) of Title 20 of the United States Code, as it read on January 1, 2022, or hazing as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 245.6 of the Penal Code.

(6) “Participating sorority or fraternity” means a sorority or fraternity described in subdivision (c).

(7) “Sanctioned event” means any event in which one of the following occurs:

(A) The institution deems the event to be sanctioned by a fraternity or sorority according to their campus policies and practices.

(B) The name of a campus-recognized sorority or fraternity or participating sorority or fraternity is used to market or publicize the event.

(C) The name of a campus-recognized sorority or fraternity or participating sorority or fraternity is displayed at the event.

(D) Official funds of a campus-recognized sorority or fraternity or participating sorority or fraternity are used for the purchase and reimbursement of food, beverages, supplies, venue-related costs, publicity, party rentals, damages or cleanup fees, or any other costs associated with the event.

(E) A campus-recognized sorority or fraternity or participating sorority or fraternity, or a benefactor officially affiliated with the sorority or fraternity, receives any portion of funds raised from attendance fees, ticket sales, or other forms of admission fees associated with the event.

(b) Notwithstanding Section 67400, each institution of higher education shall include in the institution’s requirements for campus recognition of each campus-recognized sorority or fraternity, both of the following requirements:

(1) (A) A requirement that the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity shall submit to the institution on or before July 1, 2023, and annually thereafter, all of the following:

(i) The number of active members in the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity.

(ii) The number of new members added to the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity.

(iii) The average grade point average of the membership of the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity.

(iv) The average grade point average of new members of the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity.

(v) The number of community service hours the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity completed as an organization.

(vi) The total amount of money fundraised by the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity.

(vii) The current recognition status of the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity, as determined by the institution.

(viii) The current conduct status of the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity, as determined by the institution.

(ix) The addresses of all chapter houses affiliated with the campus-recognized sorority or fraternity.

(x) The location, date, and time of any sanctioned event.

(xi) Any additional information the institution may require.

(B) Unless otherwise specified, the information collected pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall be for the academic year immediately preceding the reporting deadline.

(2) A requirement that any campus-recognized sorority or fraternity that does not comply with paragraph (1) be suspended from campus recognition.

(c) A sorority or fraternity that satisfies both of the following is encouraged to comply with the reporting requirements of subdivision (b):

(1) The sorority or fraternity has more than 50 percent of its members enrolled at the institution of higher education.

(2) The sorority or fraternity is not recognized as an affiliated sorority or fraternity of the institution by the official authorizing body of that institution.

(d) (1) (A) The institution shall compile and maintain the information collected pursuant to subdivisions (b) and (c) into a publicly accessible report published on each campus Greek Life internet homepage or its equivalent in a prominent location on or before October 1, 2023, and annually thereafter. The report shall include a list of available mental health resources and the residence addresses of all campus-recognized sorority and fraternity chapter houses. Each annual report shall be available on the campus Greek Life internet homepage or its equivalent for a minimum of 10 years.

(B) The institution shall send the report for the academic year immediately preceding the reporting deadline through a campuswide email to all enrolled students on or before October 1, 2023, and annually thereafter.

(2) An institution that does not have any campus-recognized sorority or fraternity or participating sorority or fraternity shall be exempt from the reporting requirement of this subdivision.

(3) The institution of higher education shall include in the annual report the following for each campus-recognized sorority and fraternity and participating sorority or fraternity described in subdivision (c) for the academic year immediately preceding the reporting deadline:

(A) The number of citations, or disciplinary actions taken, relating to misconduct at a chapter house or sanctioned event.

(B) The addresses of chapter houses and sanctioned events and names of sororities and fraternities where misconduct occurred.

(4) Notwithstanding any other requirement of this section, a report required pursuant to this subdivision shall comply with all applicable state and federal privacy laws, including, but not limited to, the federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1232g).

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 5.2. Campus-Recognized Sorority and Fraternity Transparency Act


text: This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the Social Responsibility Business Leadership Initiative Act of 2003.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2003, Ch. 599, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2004.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 5.5. Business Ethics

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 5.5. Business Ethics


text:
The Legislature finds and declares all of the following:

(a) Ethics in business are vital to the economic well-being of the state.

(b) Corporate malfeasance is contrary to the long-term economic viability of the state.

(c) California’s public and private higher education institutions have the opportunity to act as a catalyst in creating a new generation of elite business leaders that work to create a sustainable, ethical, and socially responsible global community.

(d) It is, therefore, the intent of the Legislature to establish the Social Responsibility Business Leadership Initiative to prepare and inspire California business graduates to apply their business skills to enhance the productivity of the state, and integrate the discipline of corporate responsibility into the general management core.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) The Golden State Business and Social Responsibility Award is hereby established. The award shall honor students who complete graduate business programs at California’s public and private institutions of higher education, and show a commitment to socially responsible leadership.

(b) A participating institution of higher education may affix the seal of the Senate, the Assembly, or the Governor on the diploma or transcript of a qualifying student.

(c) A student who meets both of the following requirements shall qualify for an award:

(1) The completion of two ethics courses in business.

(2) The demonstration of a commitment to social responsibility by completing a minimum of 50 hours of community service.

(d) Institutional participation in the Golden State Business and Social Responsibility awards is voluntary. An institution of higher education shall be responsible for any costs it incurs in participating in the award program.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
For the purposes of this chapter, the following terms apply:

(a) “Gene synthesis equipment” means equipment needed to produce gene synthesis products that is not readily used for any other purpose.

(b) “Gene synthesis product” is double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), double-stranded nucleic acids, RNA, or oligonucleotides, designed and created without an existing DNA template.

(c) (1) “Gene synthesis provider” means an entity that does any of the following:

(A) An entity that creates gene synthesis products for delivery to a customer.

(B) A distributor of gene synthesis products, including, but not limited to, entities who manufacture gene synthesis products for use by other parties, both inside and outside of the entity.

(C) A third-party entity that is not the end user of a gene synthesis product and does not make gene synthesis products, but otherwise fills, completes, modifies, or purifies gene synthesis products.

(2) “Gene synthesis provider” does not include a research scientist making gene synthesis products for the research scientist’s own use or for use by another research scientist or an entity that manufactures gene synthesis products for the entity’s own use.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2022, Ch. 179, Sec. 1. (AB 1963) Effective January 1, 2023.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 5.7. Gene Synthesis Providers

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 5.7. Gene Synthesis Providers


text:
(a) The California State University shall, and the University of California is requested to, develop systemwide guidance for purchasing gene synthesis equipment or gene synthesis products from gene synthesis providers who prevent the misuse of synthetic genes and safeguard the benefits of gene synthesis technology while minimizing risk.

(b) The California State University shall, and the University of California is requested to, consider including International Gene Synthesis Consortium (IGSC) criteria in their guidance.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: No person shall prepare, offer to prepare, cause to be prepared, sell, or otherwise distribute any term paper, thesis, dissertation, or other written material for another person, for a fee or other compensation, with the knowledge, or under circumstances in which he should reasonably have known, that such term paper, thesis, dissertation, or other written material is to be submitted by any other person for academic credit at any public or private college, university, or other institution of higher learning in this state.

history: (History: Enacted by Stats. 1976, Ch. 1010.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 6. Academic Materials

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 6. Academic Materials


text: No person shall make or disseminate, with the intent to induce any other person to enter into any obligation relating thereto, any statement, written or oral, that he will prepare, cause to be prepared, sell, or otherwise distribute any term paper, thesis, dissertation, or other written material, for a fee or other compensation, for or on behalf of any person who has been assigned the written preparation of such term paper, thesis, dissertation, or other written material for academic credit at any public or private college, university, or other institution of higher learning in this state.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: Any court of competent jurisdiction is hereby authorized to grant such relief as is necessary to enforce the provisions of this chapter, including the issuance of an injunction.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: Actions for injunction under the provisions of this chapter may be brought in the name of the people of the State of California upon their own complaint or upon the complaint of any person, or in the name of any public or private college, university, or other institution of higher learning, acting for the interest of itself, its students, or the general public.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: The provisions of this chapter are not exclusive. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to preempt or in any other way limit, diminish, or imply the absence of rights of any party, public or private, against any person in connection with any of the acts described in Section 66400 or Section 66401.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
As used in this chapter, “person” means any individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or association.

As used in this chapter, “prepare” means to put into condition for intended use. “Prepare” does not include the mere typing or assembling of papers, nor the mere furnishing of information or research.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 1994, Ch. 1010, Sec. 97. Effective January 1, 1995.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) The Legislature finds and declares that the production and pricing of college textbooks deserves a high level of attention from educators and lawmakers because they impact the quality and affordability of higher education.

(b) Consistent with Section 133 of Title I of the federal Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (20 U.S.C. Sec. 1015b), the state urges textbook publishers to do all of the following:

(1) “Unbundle” the instructional materials to give students the option of buying textbooks, CD-ROMs, and workbooks “à la carte” or without additional materials.

(2) Post in a prominent location on the publishers’ Internet Web sites, where it is readily available to college faculty, students, and departments, both of the following types of information:

(A) A list of all of the different products they sell, including both bundled and unbundled options, and the net price of each product.

(B) A detailed description of how the newest edition differs from the previous edition, including an initial summary of content changes such as reordered, renamed, added, or deleted chapters. The description shall detail changes in each chapter, including but not limited to, additions, subtractions, and revisions. The description shall apply to changes in text, illustrations, statistics, graphics, and any other component of the chapter. The state urges online textbook sellers to add to their Internet Web sites links to the publishers’ descriptions established pursuant to this subparagraph.

(3) Give preference to paper or online supplements to current editions rather than producing entirely new editions.

(4) Disclose to faculty the length of time they intend to produce the current edition so that professors know how long they can use the same book.

(5) Provide to faculty a free copy of each textbook selected by faculty for use in the classroom for placement on reserve in the campus library.

(c) The Trustees of the California State University and the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges shall, and the Regents of the University of California are requested to, accomplish all of the following:

(1) Work with the academic senates of each respective segment to do all of the following:

(A) Encourage faculty to give consideration to the least costly practices in assigning textbooks, varying by discipline, such as adopting the least expensive edition when the educational content is equal, and using a selected textbook as long as it is educationally sound, as determined by the appropriate faculty.

(B) Encourage faculty to disclose both of the following to students:

(i) How new editions of textbooks are different from the previous editions.

(ii) The cost to students for textbooks selected for use in each course.

(C) Review procedures for faculty to inform college and university bookstores of textbook selections.

(D) Encourage faculty to work closely with publishers and college and university bookstores in creating bundles and packages if they are economically sound and deliver cost savings to students, and if bundles and packages have been requested by faculty. Students should have the option of purchasing textbooks and other instructional materials that are “unbundled.”

(2) Require college and university bookstores to work with the academic senates of each respective campus to do both of the following:

(A) Review issues relative to timelines and processes involved in ordering and stocking selected textbooks.

(B) Work closely with faculty or publishers, or both, to create bundles and packages that are economically sound and deliver cost savings to students.

(3) Encourage college and university bookstores to disclose retail textbook costs, on a per course basis, to faculty, and make this information otherwise publicly available.

(4) Encourage campuses to provide as many forums for students to have access to as many used books as possible, including, but not necessarily limited to, all of the following:

(A) Implementing campus-sponsored textbook rental programs.

(B) Encouraging students to consider on-campus and online book swaps so that students may buy and sell used books and set their own prices.

(C) Encouraging students to consider student book lending programs.

(D) Encouraging college and university bookstores that offer book buyback programs to actively promote and publicize these programs.

(E) Encouraging the establishment of textbook rental programs and any other appropriate approaches to providing high-quality materials that are affordable to students.

(d) It is the intent of the Legislature to encourage private colleges and universities to work with their respective academic senates and to encourage faculty to consider practices in selecting textbooks that will result in the lowest costs to students.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 214, Sec. 1. (AB 2385) Effective January 1, 2019.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text: The Trustees of the California State University shall, and the Regents of the University of California are requested to, review each respective segment’s student transfer policies, and to revise those policies, to ensure that faculty may choose a textbook selected for a transfer or general education course, regardless of publication date, for as long as the textbook is available to students and the information contained in the textbook is current and reflects contemporary thinking in the discipline.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2010, Ch. 549, Sec. 1. (AB 2203) Effective January 1, 2011.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) This section shall be known and may be cited as the College Textbook Transparency Act.

(b) As used in this section, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) “Adopter” means any faculty member or academic department or other adopting entity at an institution of higher education responsible for considering and choosing course materials to be used in connection with the accredited courses taught at that institution.

(2) “Complimentary copies” or “review course materials” only includes books that in all appearances are the same as the regular student edition of the textbook, and contain no material other than that found in the regular student edition of the textbook.

(3) “Instructor copies” or “complimentary teacher editions” means books with information that is meant to be for the exclusive use of teachers and not for students. These books contain answers and solutions, test questions, and pedagogical techniques, and are often labeled instructor’s edition or instructor’s manuals.

(4) “New edition of textbook” means a subsequent version of an earlier standard textbook. A standard textbook is the primary, full, and unabridged edition of a textbook. An abridged, alternate format, or alternate version of a standard textbook shall not be considered a new edition.

(5) “Publisher” means any publishing house, publishing firm, or publishing company that publishes textbooks or other course materials, specifically designed for postsecondary instruction.

(6) “Textbook” means a book that contains printed material and is intended for use as a source of study material for a class or group of students, a copy of which is expected to be available for the use of each of the students in that class or group. “Textbook” does not include a novel.

(7) “Unsolicited complimentary copies” means all items described in paragraph (2) and that were not requested by faculty but are sent by the publisher unsolicited by a faculty or staff member.

(c) (1) Adopters are encouraged to consider cost in the adoption of textbooks.

(2) Publishers shall facilitate the work done by adopters by providing transparency in the adoption process and shall be responsive in a timely manner to requests for information on textbook cost and content, and the full range of options.

(d) (1) On or after January 1, 2010, the publisher of a textbook shall print on the outer cover of, or within, the standard textbook, both of the following items:

(A) For any new editions of textbooks initially published on or after January 1, 2010, a summary of the substantive content differences between the new edition and the prior edition.

(B) The copyright date of the previous edition of the textbook.

(2) For instructor copies or complimentary teacher editions, it shall be noted on the exterior of the book that the book is an instructor’s copy and is not for resale.

(e) (1) A publisher, or agent or employee of a publisher, of textbooks intended for use at a postsecondary educational institution shall respond to a request from an adopter for any of the following:

(A) A list of the products offered for sale by that publisher that are relevant to the needs and interests of adopters.

(B) The price at which the new book is available from the publisher.

(C) The copyright date of any prior edition of a textbook, if available.

(D) A list of the substantial content differences or changes made between the current edition initially published on or after January 1, 2010, and the previous edition of the textbook, including, but not necessarily limited to, new chapters, additional eras of time, new themes, or new subject matter.

(2) The information described in this subdivision shall be available in print or electronically to the adopter.

(f) Each campus bookstore at any public postsecondary educational institution shall post in its store or on its Internet Web site a disclosure of its retail pricing policy on new and used textbooks.

(g) Each public postsecondary educational institution shall encourage adopters with course material selection responsibilities to place their orders with sufficient lead time, whenever possible, to enable the university-managed bookstore or contract-managed bookstore to confirm the availability of the requested materials.

(h) This section does not limit the authority of faculty over decisions relating to the selection of textbooks.

(i) An adopter at an institution of higher education shall not demand or receive anything of value, including the donation of equipment or goods, any payment, loan, advance, or deposit of money, present or promised, for adopting specific course materials required for coursework or instruction, except that an employee may receive any of the following:

(1) Complimentary copies, review course materials, or instructor copies. The adopters shall not sell instructor copies.

(2) Royalties or other compensation from sales of course materials that include the instructor’s writing or other work. Receipt of these royalties or compensation is subject to the employer’s standing policies or collective bargaining agreements relating to employee conflicts of interest.

(3) Honoraria for academic peer review of course materials. Receipt of honoraria is subject to the employer’s standing policies relating to employee conflicts of interest.

(4) Training in the use of course materials and course technologies. Payment for travel and lodging and or meals shall be subject to the employer’s standing polices relating to employee conflicts of interest and compensation.

(j) A publisher or campus bookstore shall not solicit faculty for the purpose of the sale of instructor copies or complimentary teachers editions of textbooks that have been provided by a publisher at no charge to a faculty member or other employee. This subdivision does not apply to unsolicited complimentary copies.

(k) A campus bookstore shall not engage in any trade of any course material marked, or otherwise identified, as instructor copies or complementary teachers editions of textbooks.

(l) Any self-published textbook by an instructor for use with that instructor’s class shall be exempt from this section, if the instructor discloses the publishing and use of those materials to his or her employer institution.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2007, Ch. 574, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2008.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) Each campus of the California Community Colleges and the California State University shall, and each campus of the University of California is requested to, do all of the following:

(1) (A) Clearly highlight, by means that may include a symbol or logo in a conspicuous place on the online campus course schedule, the courses that exclusively use digital course materials that are free of charge to students and may have a low-cost option for print versions.

(B) The digital course materials described in subparagraph (A) may include open educational resources, institutionally licensed campus library materials that all students enrolled in the course have access to use, and other properly licensed and adopted materials. Each campus of the California State University, each participating campus of the University of California, and each community college district shall ensure that these materials comply with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12101 et seq.) and the federal Copyright Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-553).

(2) Clearly communicate to students that the digital course materials used for the courses identified pursuant to paragraph (1) are free of charge and therefore not required to be purchased.

(3) Prominently display, by means that may include a link to a separate internet web page, the estimated costs for each course of all required course materials and fees directly related to those materials, for no less than 40 percent by January 1, 2025, 55 percent by January 1, 2026, 65 percent by January 1, 2027, and 75 percent by January 1, 2028, of the total number of courses on the online campus course schedule for which a faculty member or course instructor has been assigned. “Course materials” as used in this paragraph includes digital or physical textbooks, devices such as calculators and remote attendance platforms, and software subscriptions.

(b) For purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) “Course schedule” is a collection of available classes, course sections, or both, published electronically, before the start of an academic term.

(2) “Open educational resources” are high-quality teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license, such as a Creative Commons license, that permits their free use and repurposing by others, and may include other resources that are legally available and free of cost to students. “Open educational resources” include, but are not limited to, full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, faculty-created content, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.

(c) This section shall become operative on July 1, 2024.

history: (History: Repealed (in Sec. 1) and added by Stats. 2023, Ch. 660, Sec. 2. (AB 607) Effective January 1, 2024. Operative July 1, 2024, by its own provisions.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) (1) The publisher of a textbook, or an agent or employee of the publisher, shall provide a prospective purchaser of the textbook with all of the following:

(A) A list of all the products offered for sale by the publisher germane to the prospective purchaser’s subject area of interest.

(B) For a product listed pursuant to subparagraph (A), the wholesale or retail price of the product, and the estimated length of time the publisher intends to keep the product on the market.

(C) For each new edition of a product listed pursuant to subparagraph (A), a list of the substantial content differences or changes between the new edition and the previous edition of the textbook.

(2) The publisher shall make the lists required by paragraph (1) available to a prospective purchaser at the commencement of a sales interaction, including, but not necessarily limited to, a sales interaction conducted in person, by telephone, or electronically. The publisher shall also post in a prominent position on its Internet Web site the lists required by paragraph (1).

(b) As used in this section, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) “Product” means each version, including, but not necessarily limited to, a version in a digital format, of a textbook, or set of textbooks, in a particular subject area, including, but not necessarily limited to, a supplemental item, whether or not the supplemental item is sold separately or together with a textbook.

(2) “Publisher” has the same meaning as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 66406.7.

(3) “Purchaser” means a faculty member of a public or private postsecondary educational institution who selects the textbooks assigned to students.

(4) “Textbook” has the same meaning as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 66406.7.

history: (History: Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 76, Sec. 50. (AB 383) Effective January 1, 2014.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) The respective academic senates of the campuses of the California State University and the University of California, in collaboration with students and campus administrators, shall develop policies regarding required academic materials in order to encourage efforts to reduce redundancy in the delivery of academic materials, including, but not necessarily limited to, textbooks and access codes. The policies adopted pursuant to this section shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, all of the following:

(1) Guidelines prioritizing the use of ancillary and additional academic platforms and materials, not including textbooks, already available to enrolled students that are determined by faculty to serve the requirements of a course of study at no additional cost to enrolled students on their campuses or to the campus itself.

(2) A requirement that the cost of academic materials from the current semester or quarter be provided to faculty members by the campus bookstore when academic materials are being chosen for an upcoming academic term, if available.

(3) The establishment, in consultation with the campus bookstore, of deadlines by the campus for a faculty member or academic department to notify the campus bookstore of required and recommended textbooks and other instructional materials so that the bookstore may verify availability, source, and lower cost options when practicable, and provide this information to faculty for consideration when exploring alternatives.

(4) A determination, in consultation with the campus bookstore, of approved descriptors to post next to academic materials offered for sale at the campus bookstore, including a requirement that the bookstore clearly identify any recommended course materials that are suggested by the bookstore but not by the faculty member who assigned the materials.

(b) The campuses of the California State University shall, and the campuses of the University of California are requested to, submit the policies developed pursuant to subdivision (a) to the Trustees of the California State University and the Regents of the University of California, as appropriate, for their review.

(c) It is the intent of the Legislature that the faculty of the public postsecondary segments be encouraged to continue their commitment to making academic materials affordable by considering free or inexpensive options, including open access options, in selecting academic materials to assign to their students.

(d) As used in this section:

(1) “Access code” means an identification number or password, or both, that is used to gain access to digital content.

(2) “Textbook” has the same meaning as defined in Section 66406.7.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2016, Ch. 261, Sec. 1. (AB 1914) Effective January 1, 2017.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) The California Digital Open Source Library is hereby established, and shall be administered by the California State University, in coordination with the California Community Colleges, for the purpose of housing open source materials while providing an Internet Web-based way for students, faculty, and staff to easily find, adopt, utilize, or modify course materials for little or no cost. The California State University shall also act in coordination with the University of California in administering the California Digital Open Source Library if the regents act, by appropriate resolution, to authorize the university to participate in the administration of the library.

(b) All material in the California Digital Open Source Library shall bear a creative commons attribution license that allows others to use, distribute, and create derivative works based upon the digital material while still allowing the authors or creators of the material to receive credit for their efforts.

(c) It is the intent of the Legislature that the public postsecondary educational segments assist and support faculty in choosing lower cost, more flexible, and dynamic alternatives such as open source textbooks and related teaching tools. Nothing in this section shall be construed to mandate faculty use of any particular textbook or related materials.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 622, Sec. 2. (SB 1053) Effective January 1, 2013. Operation contingent upon funding, as described in Sec. 3 of Ch. 622.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) The California Open Education Resources Council is hereby established. The council shall be composed of faculty leaders from the three segments of public postsecondary education, and shall be administered by the Intersegmental Committee of the Academic Senates of the University of California, the California State University, and the California Community Colleges, or a successor group.

(b) The council shall have nine members: three members shall be faculty of the University of California, selected by the Academic Senate, University of California; three members shall be faculty of the California State University, selected by the Academic Senate of the California State University; and three members shall be community college faculty, selected by the Academic Senate for California Community Colleges. Appointments to the council shall be made no later than 90 days after the act that adds this section becomes operative.

(c) The council shall be responsible for accomplishing all of the following:

(1) (A) Development of a list of 50 strategically selected lower division courses in the public postsecondary segments for which high-quality, affordable, digital open source textbooks and related materials shall be developed or acquired pursuant to this section.

(B) In developing the course list pursuant to this paragraph, the council shall consider the extent to which the selected courses:

(i) Are among the most highly enrolled courses at each of the three segments.

(ii) Are likely to generate significant saving in textbook costs for students.

(iii) Demonstrate relative consistency in content across existing textbook products.

(iv) Provide opportunities for faculty to augment the open textbook with free faculty-authored materials or other free open education materials from existing digital libraries and collections.

(v) Are conducive to discipline-based pedagogies that can be enhanced with digital resources and interactivity to support improved student learning success.

(2) Creation and administration of a standardized, rigorous review and approval process for open source textbooks and related materials developed or acquired pursuant to this section. This process shall ensure that all open source textbooks and related materials developed or acquired pursuant to this section have been tested and validated as having met accessibility requirements for students with disabilities before approval and release. The textbooks and other materials shall include documentation for students with disabilities that describes available accessibility features.

(3) Promotion of strategies for production, access, and use of open source materials.

(4) Regularly soliciting and considering, from each of the respective statewide student associations of the University of California, the California State University, and the California Community Colleges, advice and guidance on open source education textbooks and related materials. It is the intent of the Legislature in enacting this paragraph that the council actively solicit and consider student perspectives related to open source education textbooks and related materials on matters such as format, accessibility, and usability.

(d) The council shall establish a competitive request for proposal process in which faculty members, publishers, and other interested parties may apply for funds to produce the 50 high-quality, affordable, digital open source textbooks and related materials in 2013. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to limit or restrict the council from developing or acquiring, either for a charge or for free, existing high-quality digital open source textbooks and related materials that otherwise meet the specifications of this section.

(e) The council shall submit a report to the Legislature and the Governor on the progress of the implementation of this section no later than six months after the act that adds this section becomes operative, and submit a final report by January 1, 2016.

(f) The textbooks and other materials produced pursuant to this section shall comply with all of the following requirements:

(1) The textbooks and other materials are placed under a creative commons attribution license that allows others to use, distribute, and create derivative works based upon the digital material while still allowing the authors or creators to receive credit for their efforts.

(2) The textbooks and other materials are modular in order to allow easy customization, and are encoded in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) format, or other appropriate successor format, and are designed and delivered to achieve interoperability enabling the materials to be made available reliably and successfully on the widest possible range of platforms, such as the Internet, tablets, smartphones, print, or other platforms.

(3) The textbooks and other materials conform to the most current, ratified standards under Section 508 of the federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. Sec. 794d), as amended, and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines adopted by the World Wide Web Consortium for accessibility. The textbooks and other materials shall be furnished to colleges and universities for distribution to students with print disabilities in accordance with the requirements of Section 67302 or 67302.5, as applicable.

(4) The textbooks and other materials are submitted to, and housed within, the California Open Source Digital Library, when and if that library is established pursuant to statute.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 621, Sec. 2. (SB 1052) Effective January 1, 2013. Operation contingent upon funding, as described in Sec. 5 of Ch. 621.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) No later than January 1, 2020, any individual, firm, partnership, or corporation that publishes textbooks offered for sale at the University of California, the California State University, the California Community Colleges, or a private postsecondary educational institution in the state shall, to the extent practicable, make the textbooks available, in whole or in part, for sale in an electronic format. The electronic version of any textbook shall contain the same content as the printed version and may be copy-protected.

(b) For purposes of this section, “textbook” has the same meaning as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 66406.7.

(c) This section does not authorize any use of instructional materials that would constitute an infringement of copyright under the Copyright Revision Act of 1976, as amended (17 U.S.C. Sec. 101 et seq.).

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2009, Ch. 161, Sec. 1. (SB 48) Effective January 1, 2010.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION


text:
(a) Except as authorized by policies developed in accordance with subdivision (a) of Section 66452, no business, agency, or person, including, but not necessarily limited to, an enrolled student, shall prepare, cause to be prepared, give, sell, transfer, or otherwise distribute or publish, for any commercial purpose, any contemporaneous recording of an academic presentation in a classroom or equivalent site of instruction by an instructor of record. This prohibition applies to a recording made in any medium, including, but not necessarily limited to, handwritten or typewritten class notes.

(b) Nothing in this section shall be construed to interfere with the rights of disabled students under law.

(c) As used in this section:

(1) “Academic presentation” means any lecture, speech, performance, exhibit, or other form of academic or aesthetic presentation, made by an instructor of record as part of an authorized course of instruction that is not fixed in a tangible medium of expression.

(2) “Commercial purpose” means any purpose that has financial or economic gain as an objective.

(3) “Instructor of record” means any teacher or staff member employed to teach courses and authorize credit for the successful completion of courses.

history: (History: Added by Stats. 2000, Ch. 574, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2001.)

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

path: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION > 5. GENERAL PROVISIONS > 40. DONAHOE HIGHER EDUCATION ACT > 6.5. Unauthorized Recording, Dissemination, and Publication of Academic Presentations for Commercial Purposes


text:
(a) Any court of competent jurisdiction may grant relief that it finds necessary to enforce this chapter, including the issuance of an injunction. Any person injured by a violation of this chapter, in addition to actual damages, may recover court costs, attorney’s fees, and a civil penalty from any person who is not a student enrolled in the institution at which the instructor of record makes his or her academic presentation and who seeks to obtain financial or economic gain through the unauthorized dissemination of the academic presentation. The amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000) for the first offense, five thousand dollars ($5,000) for the second offense, and for any subsequent offense, a penalty of not less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or more than twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000).

(b) Actions for any relief pursuant to this chapter may be prosecuted in a court of competent jurisdiction by the Attorney General or any district attorney or by any county counsel authorized by agreement with the district attorney in actions involving violation of a county ordinance, or any city attorney of a city, or city and county, having a population in excess of 750,000, and, with the consent of the district attorney, by a city prosecutor in any city having a full-time city prosecutor or, with the consent of the district attorney, by a city attorney in any city, or city and county, in the name of the people of the State of California upon their own complaint or upon the complaint of any board, officer, person, corporation, or association or by any person acting for the interests of itself, its members, or the general public.

(c) It does not constitute a violation of this chapter for a business, agency, or person solely to provide access or connection to or from a facility, system, or network over which that business, agency, or person has no control, including related capabilities that are incidental to providing access or connection. This subdivision does not apply to a business or agency that is owned by, or to a business, agency, or person that is controlled by, or a conspirator with, a business, agency, or person actively involved in the creation, editing, or knowing distribution of a contemporaneous recording that violates this chapter.

title: 3. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION

chapter: 6.5. Unauthorized Recording, Dissemination, and Publication of Academic Presentations for Commercial Purposes